This promising method allows not only to decarbonize the current hydrogen production but to decarbonize other industries as well since the carbon-free electrolytic hydrogen (or derivatives) can replace fossil fuels in the transport and heating sectors as well. As a consequence, the International Energy Agency estimates a 140% growth in hydrogen demand by 2030, with water electrolysis being responsible for almost 40% of the total production. [1] There are three main water electrolysis technologies. The most mature one is alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), with a market share of ≈60%, followed by proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (≈30% market share), and solid oxide water electrolysis. [1,2] Besides being the most mature method, AWE also has the lowest capital cost (€/kW) at a given power input, [3] since it uses abundant and inexpensive materials. [4] The state-of-the-art AWE cell configuration is a zero-gap assembly. In this configuration, the electrodes, in general 2D electrodes such as perforated plates, expanded metals, or meshes, are pressed against a separator with a thickness on the order of hundreds of micrometers. [5] Recently, 3D electrode geometries such as foams and felts have been used with promising results, [6] especially when a forced electrolytic flow is imposed. [7] However, due to the stochastic nature of these geometries, gas removal may not be optimal. As an example, Kou et al. observed an enhancement in gas evacuation when replacing foams with periodic 3D structures. [8] An important method to build tailored 3D periodic metallic structures is additive manufacturing using laser beam melting (LBM), also known as selective laser melting (SLM). [9] In this process, a thin layer of powder is deposited over a substrate plate or on the previously deposited layer and a laser beam melts the powder particles selectively. To avoid oxygen contamination, the process is done in a closed chamber containing an inert gas. [10] With the almost unlimited possible geometries that it allows to fabricate, it is important to find generic guidelines as to what kind of structure presents the best electrolytic performance in view of enhanced gas removal.Recently, a study of membrane distillation for desalination has successfully shown that 3D printed spacers can enhance heat and mass transfer and reduce the formation of dead zones. [11] A zero-gap cell with porous electrodes is a promising configuration for alkaline water electrolysis. However, gas evacuation becomes a challenge in that case, as bubbles can get trapped within the electrode's 3D structure. This work considers a number of 3D printed electrode geometries with so-called triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS). The latter is a mathematically defined structure that repeats itself in three dimensions with zero mean curvature, and can therefore be expected to be particularly well-suited to enhance gas evacuation. Another advantage as compared to other state-of-the-art 3D electrodes like foams or felts lies in the fact that their porosity, which dete...
With this publication a high-processing non-contact distance sensor for heavy accessible movable components in industrial machines and engines is presented. A lot of systems exist for distance measurement. Most of them have a rectangular casing and it is not possible to use them in every industrial environment.Another disadvantage is the slow signal processing which makes it impossible to use them for the signal processing of highspeed motions. The common CCD sensors can only run with ca 5kHz measuring rate. Additional the relation of resolution and measurement range is too low for the actual used triangulation sensors.Furthermore this paper gives some detailed information about the accuracy, resolution and the measuring rate of the new sensor.
Quadrilateral meshes offer certain advantages compared to triangular ones, such as reduced number of elements and alignment with problem-specific directions. We present a pipeline for the generation of quadrilateral meshes on complex geometries. It is based on two key components: robust surface meshing and efficient indirect conversion of a triangular mesh to an all-quad one. The input is a valid geometric surface mesh, i.e., a triangulation that accurately represents the geometry of the model. A right-angled triangular surface mesh is initially created by continuously modifying the input mesh while always preserving its topological validity. The main advantages of our local mesh modification based approach are to (i) allow the generation of meshes that are globally aligned with a given direction field and (ii) to reliably handle non-manifold feature edges (in multi-volume models) and small features. The final quadrilateral mesh is obtained by merging pairs of triangles into quadrilaterals. We develop a novel bipartite labeling scheme in order to identify and correct inconsistent pairings. The procedure is based on local operations and is much more efficient than previous global strategies for tri-to-quad conversion. The whole pipeline is tested on a large number of models with diverse characteristics.
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