Abstract:The floristic survey of vascular epiphytes was done in the northern part of the Prata Mountain Range (48° 41' 59.39" W and 25° 36' 46.39" S), Morretes municipality, comprising 6.3 ha of a slope between 400 and 1,100 m a.s.l., covered by submontane and montane Atlantic Rainforest. The aims of this study were: 1) characterize the vascular epiphytic flora; 2) discuss the species distribution along the slope and in ecological categories; 3) evaluate the floristic similarity among the study area and other forests of South and Southeastern Brazil. The present survey was carried out between 2005 and 2010. One hundred twenty phorophytes were climbed and closely examined. Two hundred seventy-eight species, 109 genus and 30 families of vascular epiphytes were recorded. Pteridophytes comprised 74 species, 30 genus and 10 families. Angiosperms comprised 204 species, 79 genus and 20 families. The vascular epiphytic richness was the highest registered in studies of Atlantic Rainforest in South Brazil. Seven species were the first records for the Paraná State and six are threatened considering the Paraná state official list of endangered species. Orchidaceae was de richest family, with 103 (37.2%) species and 43 (39.1%) genus, followed by Bromeliaceae (38), Polypodiaceae (28), Hymenophyllaceae (15), Araceae (14) and Piperaceae (14). The holoepiphytes were the dominant group, comprising 83% of the total. Only 54 (19.5%) species were recorded in all altitudinal belts. Other 131 (47.3%) species were recorded only under the 700 m a.s.l. and 54 (19.5%) were found just above the 800 m a.s.l. The floristic similarity between the two extremities of the studied slope was low, showing the importance of the altitude for the species distribution. Resumo: O levantamento de epífitas vasculares foi realizado na porção norte da Serra da Prata (48° 41' 59,39" O e 25° 36' 46,39" S), município de Morretes, abrangendo 6,3 ha de encosta situada entre 400 e 1.100 m s.n.m., coberta por Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana e Montana. Os objetivos do trabalho foram: 1) caracterizar a flora epifítica vascular; 2) discutir sua distribuição altitudinal e nas categorias ecológicas; 3) avaliar a similaridade florística com outras áreas do sul e sudeste do Brasil. O levantamento foi efetivado entre 2005 e 2010. Cento e vinte forófitos, distribuídos por quatro altitudes (400, 600, 800 e 1.000 m), foram escalados e detalhadamente vasculhados. Foram registradas 278 espécies, 109 gêneros e 30 famílias de epífitas vasculares. Pteridófitas englobaram 74 espécies, 30 gêneros e 10 famílias. Angiospermas totalizaram 204 espécies, 79 gêneros e 20 famílias. A riqueza de epífitas vasculares foi a maior já registrada em estudos de Floresta Ombrófila Densa no sul do Brasil. Sete espécies tiveram seu primeiro registro para o Paraná e seis enquadraram-se como ameaçadas em nível estadual. Orchidaceae foi a mais rica, com 103 (37,2%) espécies e 43 (39,1%) gêneros, seguida de Bromeliaceae (38), Polypodiaceae (28), Hymenophyllaceae (15), Araceae (14) e Piperaceae (14)....
Epiphytes are hyper‐diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non‐vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer‐reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non‐vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non‐vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events.
O estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar aspectos climáticos, com enfoque na temperatura e umidade relativa do ar e sua influência sobre a distribuição da vegetação numa encosta da Serra da Prata, Morretes, Paraná, coberta pelas formações Submontana e Montana da Floresta Ombrófila Densa. Entre julho de 2009 e junho de 2010 foram obtidos dados meteorológicos, aos 400 e 1.000 m s.n.m. As temperaturas médias no período foram 19,0 ºC (400 m) e 16,3 ºC (1.000 m). A taxa de redução térmica com a elevação altitudinal foi 0,44 ºC/100 m. Detectou-se uma região de transição climática em torno dos 700 m de altitude, com o clima Cfb acima e o Cfa abaixo. A isoterma da temperatura média de 13 ºC no mês mais frio, estimada para a região dos 800 m s.n.m., coincide com o limite inferior de ocorrência da formação Montana, denotando a influência das baixas temperaturas na diferenciação da vegetação. As médias de umidade relativa do ar foram elevadas, devido ao constante aporte das massas de ar úmido oriundas do oceano. As médias das amplitudes diárias de temperatura e umidade foram muito semelhantes para as duas altitudes, demonstrando que a variação altitudinal parece não exercer influência sobre suas variações diárias na encosta estudada.Palavras-chave: Gradiente altitudinal; Serra do Mar; Floresta Atlântica; temperatura; umidade relativa do ar. AbstractClimate and his influence over the Atlantic Dense Rainforest distribution in the Prata Mountain Range, Morretes, Paraná, South Brazil. This study aimed to characterize climatic aspects, focusing air temperature and relative humidity, as well as its influence to vegetation distribution in a slope of Prata Mountain Range, Morretes, Paraná, covered by Submontane and Montane formations of the Atlantic Rainforest. Between July of 2009 and June of 2010 meteorological data was collected, at 400 and 1,000 m a.s.l. The average temperature along this period was 19.0 ºC (400 m) and 16.3 ºC (1,000 m). The temperature lapse rate was 0.44 ºC/100 m. It was detected a climatic transition region at about 700 m a.s.l., with the Cfb type above, and the Cfa type below. The isotherm of the average temperature of 13 ºC in the coldest month, estimated for the region of about 800 m a.s.l., agrees with the inferior limit of the Montane formation, denoting influence of low temperatures in the vegetation distinction. The air relative humidity average was high, because the regular arrival of moist air masses from the ocean. The average of daily amplitude of temperature and relative humidity were very similar for both studied altitudes, denoting not apparent influence of the altitudinal variation to the daily variation of these climatic variables in the slope.Keywords: Altitudinal gradient; Serra do Mar; Atlantic Ombrophilous Dense Forest; temperature; air relative humidity.
Ecological restoration of trees is often constrained by limited knowledge of the biology, propagation and management requirements of individual species. Consequently, restoration initiatives rarely incorporate less well-known species or those that are difficult to source and grow. We describe challenges associated with the restoration of threatened trees in the Araucaria Forest of southern Brazil, and analyse the effectiveness of methods used to define target species, identify seed sources and generate information on the phenology of rare or threatened tree species. A review of secondary data identified 71 rare or threatened taxa as targets for seed collection. We then surveyed 68.7 km of trails in 26 forest remnants, identifying and mapping 1,027 seed-producing trees of 38 species. Surveys confirmed the scarcity of several tree species (including seven species with an abundance of <0.04 individuals per km), and nine species showed no signs of fruiting during 3 years of phenological monitoring. These findings, together with limited knowledge and application of optimal seed collection methods, are significant factors impeding the recovery of these species within their natural habitat. Wider application of the results of this case study could support restoration of the Araucaria Forest with seedlings from a wider diversity of species.
Vascular epiphytes are a diverse and conspicuous component of biodiversity in tropical and subtropical forests. Yet, the patterns and drivers of epiphyte assemblages are poorly studied in comparison with soil-rooted plants. Current knowledge about diversity patterns of epiphytes mainly stems from local studies or floristic inventories, but this information has not yet been integrated to allow a better understanding of large-scale distribution patterns. EpIG-DB, the first database on epiphyte assemblages at the continental scale, resulted from an exhaustive compilation of published and unpublished inventory data from the Neotropics. The current version of EpIG-DB consists of 463,196 individual epiphytes from 3,005 species, which were collected from a total of 18,148 relevés (host trees and 'understory' plots). EpIG-DB reports the occurrence of 'true' epiphytes, hemiepiphytes and nomadic vines, including information on their cover, abundance, frequency and biomass. Most records (97%) correspond to sampled host trees, 76% of them aggregated in forest plots. The data is stored in a TURBOVEG database using the most up-to-date checklist of vascular epiphytes. A total of 18 additional fields were created for the standardization of associated data commonly used in epiphyte ecology (e.g. by considering different sampling methods). EpIG-DB currently covers six major biomes across the whole latitudinal range of epiphytes in the Neotropics but welcomes data globally. This novel database provides, for the first time, unique biodiversity data on epiphytes for the Neotropics and unified guidelines for future collection of epiphyte data. EpIG-DB will allow exploration of new ways to study the community ecology and biogeography of vascular epiphytes. K E Y W O R D S biodiversity, community ecology, database, forest plot, hemiepiphytes, Neotropics, nomadic vines, taxonomic diversity, vascular epiphytes, vegetation relevé 520 |
RESUMO -O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a morfologia de sementes e plântulas e avaliar a germinação de sementes de Albizia edwallii submetidas a diferentes substratos e temperaturas. Na caracterização física foram avaliados o peso de mil sementes, número de sementes por quilo e grau de umidade. Para a determinação das características morfológicas foi avaliada a biometria de 50 sementes, bem como as suas características internas e externas. A germinação foi conduzida sob três temperaturas (20 °C, 25 °C e 30 °C) e três substratos (areia, vermiculita e papel mata-borrão), com cinco repetições de 40 sementes por tratamento, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3 e delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As variáveis avaliadas foram porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação e índice de sincronização. O peso de mil sementes foi de 47,7 g, enquanto que o número de sementes por quilo foi de 20.964 para o grau de umidade de 13,1%. As sementes possuem forma elíptica, não apresentam endosperma e possuem funículo persistente. A germinação é epígea e a plântula é fanerocotiledonar, estando completamente formada aos 15 dias. As temperaturas de 20 °C e 25 °C propiciaram os maiores percentuais de germinação, quais sejam, 42 e 38%, respectivamente, e índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). A utilização de areia como substrato proporcionou percentuais de germinação superiores aos demais substratos avaliados. Assim, recomenda-se a utilização de areia como substrato e as temperaturas de 20 °C e 25 °C para os testes de germinação de A. edwalli.Palavras-chave: Fabaceae. Temperatura. Substrato. Biometria. GERMINATION AND MORPHOLOGICAL OF SEED AND SEEDLING OF Albizia edwallii (Hoehne) Barneby & J. W. GrimesABSTRACT -This study aimed to characterize the morphology of seeds and seedlings and evaluate the germination of seeds of Albizia edwallii submitted to different substrates and temperatures. In physical characterization were evaluated thousand seed weight, the number of seeds per kilogram and moisture content. To determine the morphological characteristics, it was evaluated the biometry of 50 seeds, as well as its internal and external characteristics. Germination was conducted at three temperatures (20 ° C, 25 ° C and 30 ° C) and three substrates (sand, vermiculite and blotting paper) with five replications of 40 seeds per treatment, in a factorial 3 x 3 and completely randomized design. The variables were germination percentage, germination rate index, mean germination time, and synchronization index. The thousand seed weight was 47.7 g, while the number of seeds per kilo was 20.964 for the moisture content of 13.1%. The seeds have an elliptical shape, no endosperm and have persistent funiculus. Germination is epigeal, and the seedling is phanerocotylar being fully formed at 15 days. Temperatures of 20 ° C and 25 ° C provide the highest germination rates, 42 and 38%, respectively, and germination speed index (GSI). The use of sand as a substrate provided better germination perc...
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