Background Patients use social media forums to discuss their medical history and healthcare experiences, providing early insight into real‐world patient experiences. We analyzed COVID‐19 patient experiences from Reddit social media posts. Methods We extracted Reddit Application Programming Interface data for the subreddit/COVID‐19 positive from March to August 2020 and selected users tagged as “Tested Positive” or “Tested Positive‐ Me” flair and who posted at least thirty times in any calendar month, excluding users who explicitly stated location outside of the U.S. For tested‐positive patients (users), we created and reviewed individual case profiles summarizing their COVID‐19 symptoms, testing, and medications or treatments. Data were imported to Nvivo qualitative analysis software and qualitative coding was conducted. Finding There were 31 759 posts and comments from 720 users in March to May 2020 (Q1) and 40 446 posts and comments from 1649 users from June to August 2020 (Q2). Final count of “Tested Positive” was 1296 users (280 in Q1 and 1016 in Q2). Across both quarters, frequently reported symptoms included sore throat, headaches, fevers, or chills. Loss of sense of smell or taste were reported by users in early March, prior to the inclusion of this symptom to the CDC list in April and GI‐related symptoms and fatigue were reported in the March to May data, before they were added as a COVID‐19 associated symptom in July 2020. Users also reported in‐depth descriptions of their symptoms, motivations for testing, and long‐term impacts such as post‐viral fatigue. Interpretation Social media data can potentially serve as an early surveillance data source in a pandemic and offer preliminary insights into patient disease experiences.
Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing Instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information , 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if It does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) REPORT TYPE Technical Paper DATES COVERED History of the Cryogenic HybridOrbital Technologies Corporation (ORBITEC™) first proposed cryogenic solid hybrid rocket engine applications to the USAF/RL in 1991-1992 to support the HEDM Program. ORBITEC has had numerous contracts in this technology area under USAF/RL and NASA funding. The key thrust area has been to conduct cryogenic solid oxidizer and fuel formation research, supporting analysis, and designing, developing, testing, and demonstrating engines in support of hybrid rocket engine developments for HEDM and non-HEDM propulsion applications.Solid cryogens have included oxygen, hydrogen, and methane. ORBITEC has successfully first fired the following solid cryogen systems on the dates indicated below; SOX/GH2 Hybrid Rocket -August 21,1995 SCH4/GO2 Hybrid Rocket -October 10,1995 SH2/GO2 Hybrid Rocket -October 25,1996 SCH4-AL/GO2 Hybrid Rocket -November 9,1996. Baseline DesignThe basic design approach for the cryogenic solid hybrid engines is depicted in Figure 1. The engine is encased in a vacuum chamber to provide thermal insulation from ambient temperatures. A coolant (LHe or LN2) fills the outer engine dewar. The coolant chills the wall of the center tube where the propellant is desired on the inner volume. The propellant gas is then admitted to the central chamber below its triple point pressure, and it begins to deposit direcdy from the gas phase on the chilled surface, slowly building up over time to form the solid grain. When the engine is ready to fire, the inner chamber is pressurized to one atmosphere with GHe, and then an ignitor flame enters from the head end. The gaseous component of the propellant combination is then injected at the top of the grain. The firing begins and the grain is depleted over time, producing combustion products which are expelled through the nozzle. Figure 2 shows the side view of the Mark-II system located in ORBITEC's test facility; the vacuum chamber is visible on the test stand. * Member AIAA ^ Associate Fellow AIAA
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.