Background: The rotator cable (RCa) is an important articular-sided structure of the cuff capsular complex that helps prevent suture pull out during rotator cuff repairs (RCRs) and plays a role in force transmission. Yet, the RCa cannot be located during bursal-sided RCRs. The purpose of this study is to develop a method to locate the RCa in the subacromial space and compare its bursal-and articular-sided dimensions. Methods: In 20 fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens, the RCa was found from the articular side, outlined with stitches, and then evaluated from the bursal side using an easily identifiable reference point, the intersection of a line bisecting the supraspinatus (SS) tendon and posterior SS myotendinous junction (MTJ). Four bursal-sided lengths were measured on the SS-bisecting line as well as the RCa's outside anteroposterior base. For the articular-sided measurements, the rotator cuff capsular complex was detached from bone and optically scanned creating 3D solid models. Using the 3D models, 4 articular-sided lengths were made, including the RCa's inside and outside anteroposterior base. Results: The RCa's medial arch was located 9.9 AE 5.6 mm from the reference point in 10 intact specimens and 4.1 AE 2.4 mm in 10 torn specimens (P ¼ .007). The RCa's width was 10.9 AE 2.1 mm, and the distance from the lateral edge of the RCa to the lateral SS insertion was 13.9 AE 4.8 mm. The bursal-and articular-sided outside anteroposterior base measured 48.1 AE 6.4 mm and 49.6 AE 6.5 mm, respectively (P ¼ .268). The average inside anteroposterior base measurement was 37.3 AE 5.9 mm. Discussion: The medial arch of the RCa can be reliably located during subacromial arthroscopy using the reference point, analogous to the posterior SS MTJ. The RCa is located 10 mm in intact and 4 mm in torn tendons (P ¼ .007) from the posterior SS MTJ. If the above 6-mm shift in location of the RCa is not taken into consideration during rotator cuff suture placement, it could negatively affect time zero repair strength. The inside anteroposterior base of the RCa measures on average 37 mm; therefore, rotator cuff tears measuring >37 mm are at risk of rupturing part or all of the RCa's 2 humeral attachments, which if not recognized and addressed could impact postoperative function.

Background: Partial avulsions of the short and/or long head of the distal biceps tendon cause pain and loss of strength.The goal of the present study was to quantify the loss of supination and flexion strength following a series of surgical releases designed to simulate partial and complete short and long head traumatic avulsions.Methods: Mechanical testing was performed to measure supination moment arms and flexion force efficiency on 18 adult fresh-frozen specimens in pronation, neutral, and supination. The distal biceps footprint length was divided into 4 equal segments. In 9 specimens (the distal-first group), the tendon was partially cut starting distally by releasing 25%, 50%, and 75% of the insertion site. In the other 9 specimens (the proximal-first group), the releases started proximally. Mechanical testing was performed before and after each release.Results: Significant decreases in the supination moment arm occurred after a 75% release in the distal-first release group; the decrease was 24% in pronation (p = 0.003) and 10% in neutral (p = 0.043). No significant differences in the supination moment arm (p ‡ 0.079) or in flexion force efficiency (p ‡ 0.058) occurred in the proximal-first group.Conclusions: A simulated complete short head avulsion significantly decreased the supination moment arm and therefore supination strength.Clinical Relevance: A mechanical case can be made for repair of partial distal biceps tendon avulsions when the rupture involves ‡75% of the distal insertion site.

Background:It is accepted by the orthopaedic community that the rotator cable (RCa) acts as a suspension bridge that stress shields the crescent area (CA). The goal of this study was to determine if the RCa does stress shield the CA during shoulder abduction.Methods:The principal strain magnitude and direction in the RCa and CA and shoulder abduction force were measured in 20 cadaveric specimens. Ten specimens underwent a release of the anterior cable insertion followed by a posterior release. In the other 10, a release of the posterior cable insertion was followed by an anterior release. Testing was performed for the native, single-release, and full-release conditions. The thicknesses of the RCa and CA were measured.Results:Neither the principal strain magnitude nor the strain direction in either the RCa or the CA changed with single or full RCa release (p ≥ 0.493). There were no changes in abduction force after single or full RCa release (p ≥ 0.180). The RCa and CA thicknesses did not differ from one another at any location (p ≥ 0.195).Conclusions:The RCa does not act as a suspension bridge and does not stress shield the CA. The CA primarily transfers shoulder abduction force to the greater tuberosity.Clinical Relevance:The CA is important in force transmission during shoulder abduction, and efforts should be made to restore its continuity with a repair or reconstruction.