We present real time survey evidence from the UK, US and Germany showing that the labor market impacts of COVID-19 differ considerably across countries. Employees in Germany, which has a well-established short-time work scheme, are substantially less likely to be affected by the crisis. Within countries, the impacts are highly unequal and exacerbate existing inequalities. Workers in alternative work arrangements and in occupations in which only a small share of tasks can be done from home are more likely to have reduced their hours, lost their jobs and suffered falls in earnings. Less educated workers and women are more affected by the crisis.

No abstract

The coronavirus outbreak has caused significant disruptions to people’s lives. We exploit variation in lockdown measures across states to document the impact of stay-at-home orders on mental health using real time survey data in the US. We find that the lockdown measures lowered mental health by 0.083 standard deviations. This large negative effect is entirely driven by women. As a result of the lockdown measures, the existing gender gap in mental health has increased by 61%. The negative effect on women’s mental health cannot be explained by an increase in financial worries or caring responsibilities.

No abstract

Abstract. We describe a prototype tool, hugo/RT, that is designed to automatically verify whether the timed state machines in a UML model interact according to scenarios specified by time-annotated UML collaborations. Timed state machines are compiled into timed automata that exchange signals and operations via a network automaton. A collaboration with time constraints is translated into an observer timed automaton. The model checker uppaal is called upon to verify the timed automata representing the model against the observer timed automaton.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may AbstractIn this paper, we study parental beliefs about the technology which maps parental investments into future child outcomes. We document that parents perceive late investments as more productive than early investments, and that they perceive investments in different time periods as substitutes.These beliefs contrast with findings in the empirical literature which suggest that early investments are more productive and are complementary to late investments. We show that parental beliefs about the returns to investments vary substantially across the population and that individual beliefs are predictive of actual investment decisions. Moreover, we document that parental beliefs about the productivity of investments differ significantly across socio-economic groups. Perceived returns to parental investments are positively related to household income, thereby potentially contributing to intergenerational earnings persistence.

A steep rise in Hepatitis E diagnoses is currently being observed in Germany and other European countries. The objective of this study was (i) to assess whether this trend mirrors an increase in infection pressure or is caused by increased attention and testing and (ii) estimate individual and population-based Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) seroconversion and seroreversion rates for Germany. We measured anti-HEV IgG prevalence in 10 407 adults participating in two linked, population-representative serosurveys (total n = 12 971) conducted in 1998 and 2010. In this period, we found a moderate but statistically significant decline of overall anti-HEV IgG prevalence from 18.6% to 15.3%. At both time points, seroprevalence increased with age and peaked in persons born between 1935 and 1959 suggesting a past period of increased infection pressure. Paired samples of individuals participating in 1998 and 2010 (n = 2564) revealed respective seroconversion and seroreversion rates of 6.2% and 22.6% among seronegative and seropositive individuals during 12 years, or 5.2 and 2.9 per 1000 inhabitants per year. This corresponds to a total of 417 242 [95%CI: 344 363-495 971] new seroconversions per year in the German population. While anti-HEV seroprevalence has decreased in the last decade, infection pressure and seroincidence remains high in Germany. Continuously rising numbers of Hepatitis E diagnoses in Europe are likely due to an increased awareness of clinicians and indicate that still there is a gap between incident and diagnosed cases. Studies on the true burden of the disease, specific risk factors and sources of autochthonous infections as well as targeted prevention measures are urgently needed.

Over nine million jobs were furloughed in the United Kingdom during the coronavirus pandemic. Using real-time survey evidence from the UK in April and May 2020, we document which workers were most likely to be furloughed and we analyse variation in the terms on which they furloughed. We find that women were significantly more likely to be furloughed. Inequality in care responsibilities seems to have played a key role: mothers were 10 percentage points more likely than fathers to initiate the decision to be furloughed (as opposed to it being fully or mostly the employer's decision) but we find no such gender gap amongst childless workers. The prohibition of working whilst furloughed was routinely ignored, especially by men who can do a large percentage of their work tasks from home. Women were less likely to have their salary topped up beyond the 80 per cent subsidy paid for by the