No abstract

Despite lacrosse being one of the fastest growing team sports in the world, there is a paucity of information detailing the activity profile of high-level players. Microtechnology systems (global positioning systems and accelerometers) provide the opportunity to obtain detailed information on the activity profile in lacrosse. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the activity profile of lacrosse match-play using microtechnology. Activity profile variables assessed relative to minutes of playing time included relative distance (meter per minute), distance spent standing (0-0.1 m·min), walking (0.2-1.7 m·min), jogging (1.8-3.2 m·min), running (3.3-5.6 m·min), sprinting (≥5.7 m·min), number of high, moderate, low accelerations and decelerations, and player load (PL per minute), calculated as the square root of the sum of the squared instantaneous rate of change in acceleration in 3 vectors (medio-lateral, anterior-posterior, and vertical). Activity was recorded from 14 lacrosse players over 4 matches during a national tournament. Players were separated into positions of attack, midfield, or defense. Differences (effect size [ES] ± 90% confidence interval) between positions and periods of play were considered likely positive when there was ≥75% likelihood of the difference exceeding an ES threshold of 0.2. Midfielders had likely covered higher (mean ± SD) meters per minute (100 ± 11) compared with attackers (87 ± 14; ES = 0.89 ± 1.04) and defenders (79 ± 14; ES = 1.54 ± 0.94) and more moderate and high accelerations and decelerations. Almost all variables across positions were reduced in quarter 4 compared with quarter 1. Coaches should accommodate for positional differences when preparing lacrosse players for competition.

Odorous emissions from sewer systems and wastewater treatment plants are produced generally by hydrogen sulphide (H 2 S) and volatile or semi‐volatile organic compounds at very low concentrations; they are present in the liquid phase and are emitted into ambient air at the liquid‐gaseous interface (Frechen & Köster, 1998). These odours cause serious complaint in the vicinity of wastewater treatment plants. As a result odour control has become a key issue facing wastewater treatment plant management (Stuetz et al., 1999). Developments are under way to improve techniques for the assessment of odour and in the production of new technologies for destroying odour. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are often amenable to biological treatment through a variety of reactor formats. However, several other technologies exist that could be used in their treatment for the abatement of odour. The eventual choice of a technology largely depends on the efficiency of treatment and the capital and operating costs. The advent of the “triple bottom line” now considers sustainability of the technique also, although this philosophy is in its infancy. Biological treatment undoubtedly represent a sustainable green option, but it must also be proven to be economically viable and efficient.