Background: Groundwater pollution ensuing from ion exchange, weathering, agricultural and anthropogenic activities is on the rise in Nigeria. Since groundwater is used for domestic purposes, there is need for routine investigation. Findings on hydrochemistry of the groundwater components is essential for efficient and viable management. As a result, 25 Abuja water samples were collected for microbial and chemical analyses using standard methods. The cations, anions, soluble ions, trace elements, and heavy metal were obtained and compared with WHO standards. Results: The Discriminant analysis results shown that the parameters such as hydrogen ion concentration (pH), temperature (T), alkalinity (Alk), dissolve silica (SiO 2), and cations such as calcium (Ca 2+), potassium (K +), as well as anions such as carbonates (CO 3 2−), fluoride (F −), nitrates (NO 3 −), and heavy metal (Mn) were within the WHO guideline values for drinking water in all the samples for both seasons. Na + , SO 4 2− , EC, Mg 2+ , TDS, Fe 2+ , HCO 3 − , F − , TH and Cl − contents exhibited the most violation of drinking water standards with percent violations of 100, 76, 64, 56, 56, 44, 40, 40, 36 and 24%, respectively. The highest level of significant correlation was found to exist between K + and EC (r = 0.77, α = 0.05). Four hydro chemical clusters were identified from Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) with clearly partitioned water quality. Series and time series plot reveals TDS concentration value between 1200 and 2100 mg/l, has the highest with the mean and SD are 1433.76 and 459.38, respectively. Further analysis revealed that 16, 36 and 48% of the samples were the Ca-Cl, Na-Cl, and Mixed types, respectively. Conclusion: Groundwater in the Abuja district is mainly hard to very hard, slightly acidic in nature, polluted by ion exchange, agricultural activities, anthropogenic activities, and weathering. Therefore, there is also need for routine monitoring of groundwater in Abuja.
The strength of a fine-grained lateritic soil from three (3) different locations on Abuja – Lokoja road where road failure occur was treated with sodium silicate activator (SSA), cement and rice husk ash (RSA) with varying percentage scrutinized by means of Atterberg, compaction and triaxial shear tests. The result reveals that cement additive improved the lateritic soil from Liquid limit values of 41.25 at 0% to 44.36 at 8%, but reduces at 10% to 35.67, while RHA increases at increased percentages. The MDD improved with increase in the quantities of all the additive (SSA, cement and RHA) content, while OMC for both cement and RHA reduces from 18.65% at 0% to 11.71 and 18.05 respectively. It reveals cohesion of the soil at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% to be 19, 39, 49, 55, 58 and 65 KN/m2 respectively, with highest angle of 650 and lowest of 370. This implies that the cohesion of the improved sample was satisfied since the improved angle of internal friction is above the angle that makes soil very plastic which is 280. Keywords: Geopolymer. Sodium silicate, rice hush ash, Triaxial, Abuja.
The study was aimed at assessing degree of uncertainty, effect of water and other chemicals on both locally made and imported reinforcement used for structural elements via Optical Emission Spectrometry technique. Reinforcement from various locations in Lagos state, Nigeria was soaked with chemicals (NaOH, Na2SO4, H2SO4, HCl and H2O) to detect chemicals impact. The results indicated that Carbon, phosphorus and sulphur of Pulkit reinforcement was within ASTM limit. The severity of aqueous solutions on steel rebars was in the order H2SO4 > HCl > Na2SO4 > H2O for both local and imported local bars, while steel rebars were not affected by NaOH solution. Degree of dispersion (COV) of local steel was the highest. This was in terms of elongation of 23.69%, H2SO4 of 0.39% and 1.24% for one and six weeks respectively.
The strength of a fine-grained lateritic soilfrom three (3) different localities on Abuja – Lokoja road where road failure happen was treated with rice husk ash (RSA), cement andsodium silicate activator (SSA), with varying percentage examined by means of Atterberg, Compaction and triaxial shear tests. The addition of optimum cement with additives changes laterite sample of plasticity index (PI) into non-plastic and resulted in a minimum of 11.90 % reduction in PI of lateritic soil which led to the belief that additives decreases plasticity of soils, and this is an advantage, because reduction in PI contents indicates animprovement.Thecompaction characteristics of the natural lateritic soils were altered with the addition of optimum contents of OPC with each of RHA, KCP and SSA. The MDD of cement-stabilized residual soil slightly increased with the increase in cement content, whereas by adding RHA, KCP and cement, the OMC is decreases steeply. Also, CBR results shows that CBR of the soil-cement-SSA content increases upon adding sodium silicate activator content up to 4% SSA content before the value experiences reduction at much higher SSA content. But, theRHA-treated residual soils decrease the CBR value from 6% upwards. This, again, alludes that RHA alone is not suitable as stabilizer.
The paper was aimed at evaluating effect of cost prices of reinforcement on its strength since dispersal in the size geometry of locally available and imported bars is very essential to the development of stable standard of practice for both civil and building engineering sector. Steel rebar from some locations in Lagos state, Nigeria was obtained so as to determine its cost price and strength. The results disclosed that both yield and ultimate loads of 45.67 and 65.54% respectively, as regards to flexural strength, Ogba reinforcement is the highest.
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