SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 2 (SMARCA2), also known as Brahma homologue (BRM), is a Snf2-family DNA-dependent ATPase. BRM and its close homologue Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), also known as SMARCA4, are mutually exclusive ATPases of the large ATPdependent SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes involved in transcriptional regulation of gene expression. No small molecules have been reported that modulate SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling activity via inhibition of its ATPase activity, an important goal given the well-established dependence of BRG1-deficient cancers on BRM. Here, we describe allosteric dual BRM and BRG1 inhibitors that downregulate BRM-dependent gene expression and show antiproliferative activity in a BRG1mutant-lung-tumor xenograft model upon oral administration. These compounds represent useful tools for understanding the functions of BRM in BRG1-loss-of-function settings and should enable probing the role of SWI/SNF functions more broadly in different cancer contexts and those of other diseases.

Uveal melanoma is a rare and aggressive cancer that originates in the eye. Currently, there are no approved targeted therapies and very few effective treatments for this cancer. Although activating mutations in the G protein alpha subunits, GNAQ and GNA11, are key genetic drivers of the disease, few additional drug targets have been identified. Recently, studies have identified context-specific roles for the mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes (also known as BAF/PBAF) in various cancer lineages. Here, we find evidence that the SWI/ SNF complex is essential through analysis of functional genomics screens and further validation in a panel of uveal melanoma cell lines using both genetic tools and small-molecule inhibitors of SWI/SNF. In addition, we describe a functional relationship between the SWI/SNF complex and the melanocyte lineagespecific transcription factor Microphthalmia-associated Transcription Factor, suggesting that these two factors cooperate to drive a transcriptional program essential for uveal melanoma cell survival. These studies highlight a critical role for SWI/SNF in uveal melanoma, and demonstrate a novel path toward the treatment of this cancer. Materials and MethodsCell lines and reagents BRM011, BRM014, and BRM017 (synthesis described in refs. 12, 13) stocks were dissolved at 10 mmol/L in DMSO. Doxycycline stock

Members of the ATP-dependent SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes are among the most frequently mutated genes in cancer, suggesting their dysregulation plays a critical role. The synthetic lethality between SWI/SNF catalytic subunits BRM/SMARCA2 and BRG1/SMARCA4 has instigated great interest in targeting BRM. Here we have performed a critical and in-depth investigation of novel dual inhibitors (BRM011 and BRM014) of BRM and BRG1 in order to validate their utility as chemical probes of SWI/SNF catalytic function, while obtaining insights into the therapeutic potential of SWI/SNF inhibition. In corroboration of ontarget activity, we discovered compound resistant mutations through pooled screening of BRM variants in BRG1-mut cancer cells. Strikingly, genome-wide transcriptional and chromatin profiling (ATAC-Seq) provided further evidence of pharmacological perturbation of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling as BRM011 treatment induced specific changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression similar to genetic depletion of BRM. Finally, these compounds have the capacity to inhibit the growth of tumor-xenografts, yielding important insights into the feasibility of developing BRM/BRG1 ATPase inhibitors for the treatment of BRG1-mut lung cancers.Overall, our studies not only establish the feasibility of inhibiting SWI/SNF catalytic function, providing a framework for SWI/SNF therapeutic targeting, but have also yielded successful elucidation of small-molecule inhibitors that will be of importance in probing SWI/SNF function in various disease contexts. 0

<p>Supplementary Figure S1 shows additional shRNA knockdown data in uveal melanoma cell lines. Supplementary Figure S2 shows additional dual BRG1/BRM knockdown data and BRG1 rescue data. Supplementary Figure S3 shows basal SWI/SNF subunit expression, additional caspase activity and viability data in compound treated and shRNA knockdown cell lines, and SWI/SNF mutations in uveal melanoma cells lines. Supplementary Figure S4 shows additional MITF knockdown data and further RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq data set analyses. Supplementary Figure S5 shows target gene modulation by compound treatment in uveal melanoma cell lines and additional MITF overexpression rescue data. Supplementary Figure S6 shows genomic location of primers used in ChIP-qPCR experiment.</p>

<p>Additional method details for ATAC-Seq Data Analysis and ChIP-qPCR</p>

<p>Supplementary Figure S1 shows additional shRNA knockdown data in uveal melanoma cell lines. Supplementary Figure S2 shows additional dual BRG1/BRM knockdown data and BRG1 rescue data. Supplementary Figure S3 shows basal SWI/SNF subunit expression, additional caspase activity and viability data in compound treated and shRNA knockdown cell lines, and SWI/SNF mutations in uveal melanoma cells lines. Supplementary Figure S4 shows additional MITF knockdown data and further RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq data set analyses. Supplementary Figure S5 shows target gene modulation by compound treatment in uveal melanoma cell lines and additional MITF overexpression rescue data. Supplementary Figure S6 shows genomic location of primers used in ChIP-qPCR experiment.</p>

<p>Supplementary Table S1 lists biochemical and cellular activity of BRG1/BRM inhibitors. Supplementary Table S2 lists BRM011 and BRM014 activity across cell line panel. Supplementary Table S3 lists cell lines generated for this study. Supplementary Table S4 lists antibody and qPCR probes used in this study.</p>

<p>Supplementary Table S1 lists biochemical and cellular activity of BRG1/BRM inhibitors. Supplementary Table S2 lists BRM011 and BRM014 activity across cell line panel. Supplementary Table S3 lists cell lines generated for this study. Supplementary Table S4 lists antibody and qPCR probes used in this study.</p>