The academic dishonesty literature generally focuses on the causes of academic dishonesty, and outlines deterrence strategies, as well as the punishment methods used in formal sanction. Student self-monitoring techniques are becoming a more visible alternative that places greater emphasis on proactive prevention methods as opposed to reactive punishment policies. Increasing the formal level of student responsibility in deterring academic dishonesty assumes that students will actively monitor the behavior of their classmates. Our findings indicate that student perceptions of campus climate and gender differences are important factors when explaining student reporting of suspected academic dishonesty and may illustrate important prerequisite conditions that must exist prior to the establish of a successful student self-monitoring programme.

To ensure the fidelity of replication, DNA polymerases preferentially incorporate nucleotide substrates complementary to a templating residue and select deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) 3 rather than ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTPs) in each catalytic cycle. This selection is achieved through a series of conformational transitions that precede the covalent step of phosphodiester bond formation ( Fig. 1) (1-5). One of these transitions is well characterized through the comparison of the crystal structures of polymerase-DNA complexes formed in the absence or presence of dNTP substrate complementary to the template residue at N ϭ 0 in the polymerase active site. These crystal structures reveal a major conformational difference between the two functional states. The polymerase domain has a conserved architecture that resembles a partially closed right hand (6, 7) comprising three subdomains. The palm subdomain contains residues required for the chemistry of catalysis, including the ligands for the two magnesium ions (metals A and B) that are essential for the reaction. The thumb subdomain positions the primer/template duplex in the active site, and the fingers subdomain contains residues essential for binding incoming nucleotide substrates. In complexes containing complementary dNTP, elements of the fingers subdomain rotate in toward the active site cleft to achieve a tight steric fit with the nascent base pair. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies have shown for A family DNA polymerases that the transition between the open and closed states occurs rapidly in response to nucleotide binding (Fig. 1, Step 2.2) and is not rate-limiting for the catalytic cycle (2, 5). For the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (KF), stabilization of the fingers-closed state requires the metal ligand, Asp-882, presumably to form an essential contact with the Mg 2ϩ ion that is escorted into the closed complex with the incoming nucleotide substrate, but this step does not require the other metal ligand, .Pre-steady-state ensemble fluorescence and FRET experiments have revealed additional conformational changes that occur in response to nucleotide binding for KF (2, 4) (Fig. 1). After an initial rapid step that is reported by a change in the environment of the templating base at N ϭ 0 (Fig. 1, Step 2), a subsequent step that precedes fingers closing is reported as a change in the environment of the N ϭ ϩ1 template base (Fig. 1, Step 2.1). This step is promoted by dNTPs and rNTPs that are complementary to the templating base but not by non-* This work was supported, in whole or in part, by National Institutes of Health Grants 1RC2HG005553 from the NHGRI (to M. A.) and 1R01GM087484-01A2 from the NIGMS (to K. R. L. and M. A.). □ S The on-line version of this article (available at http://www.jbc.org) contains supplemental

Student academic ethics is a serious concern for colleges and universities. The literature dealing with student academic ethics, however, focuses little attention on the possible connection between organizational characteristics and the efforts made by faculty to deter student academic ethics violations. In this case study analysis of faculty at a medium-sized university in the western USA, we found that the level of faculty institutional confidence is related to the use of formal deterrence strategies. Additionally, we found that female faculty members are less confident in the administration, but are only marginally less likely to use formal administrative approaches to manage academic ethics.

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Advocates of education privatization often take two general approaches to denigrating commonplace public school monopoly service provision assignments. One general argument is that public school administrators are se^-interested rent-seekers, which is evidenced by the ever-enlarging bureaucracies they operate. This argument has been roundly criticized by Kevin Smith and Kenneth Meier (1994, 1995) in two methodologically rigorous analyses. The second general argument is grounded in the assumption that public school student performance witl improve if public schools are forced to compete for enrollment with private school alternatives. The evidence regarding this claim of privatization advocates has been contested in a systematic study of North Carolina school districts, but requires further analysis to determine if these findings can be generalized to school districts writ large. Such a replication study is presented here, with fmdings reported that are in agreement with those of Newmark (1995).

contingency theory appears to offer a fairly good explanation for central administrative expenditures. The model indicates that administrative expenditures are a function of the organizational environment and the stability of resource providers. Stable organizational environments and consistent resource providers are associated with smaller school administration, due to the more limited need for substantial organizational buffering.

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Previous research on public opinion regarding military expenditures in the United States was conducted predominantly in the cold war context. This analysis of public opinion in thirty major U.S. cities over the period 1999 through 2002 revisits this earlier literature in light of changing sociopolitical conditions during a period bracketing the onset of the war on terrorism. The study offers support for much of the earlier research with respect to sources of support for robust military expenditures, in the process illustrating the value of archival data in replicating key research findings in extant literature conducted in a cold war context. The results of the multivariate analysis offer important insights into the sources of public support for military expenditure in the post-9/11 setting.