International audienceWall boundary conditions in smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a key issue to perform accurate simulations. We propose here a new approach based on a renormalising factor for writing all boundary terms. This factor depends on the local shape of a wall and on the position of a particle relative to the wall, which is described by segments (in two-dimensions), instead of the cumbersome fictitious or ghost particles used in most existing SPH models. By solving a dynamic equation for the renormalising factor, we significantly improve traditional wall treatment in SPH, for pressure forces, wall friction and turbulent conditions. The new model is demonstrated for cases including hydrostatic conditions for still water in a tank of complex geometry and a dam break over triangular bed profile with sharp angle where significant improved behaviour is obtained in comparison with the conventional boundary techniques. The latter case is also compared with a finite volume and volume-of-fluid scheme. The performance of the model for a two-dimensional laminar flow in a channel is demonstrated where the profiles of velocity are in agreement with the theoretical ones, demonstrating that the derived wall shear stress balances the pressure gradient. Finally, the performance of the model is demonstrated for flow in a schematic fish pass where both the velocity field and turbulent viscosity fields are satisfactorily reproduced compared with mesh-based codes

This work aims at improving the 2-D incompressible SPH model (ISPH) by adapting it to the unified semi-analytical wall boundary conditions proposed by Ferrand et al. [10]. The ISPH algorithm considered is as proposed by Lind et al. [25], based on the projection method with a divergence-free velocity field and using a stabilising procedure based on particle shifting. However, we consider an extension of this model to Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations based on the k − ǫ turbulent closure model, as done in [10]. The discrete SPH operators are modified by the new description of the wall boundary conditions. In particular, a boundary term appears in the Laplacian operator, which makes it possible to accurately impose a von Neumann pressure wall boundary condition that corresponds to impermeability. The shifting and free-surface detection algorithms have also been adapted to the new boundary conditions. Moreover, a new way to compute the wall renormalisation factor in the frame of the unified semi-analytical boundary conditions is proposed in order to decrease the computational time. We present several verifications to the present approach, including a lid-driven cavity, a water column collapsing on a wedge and a periodic schematic fish-pass. Our results are compared to Finite Volumes methods, using Volume of Fluids in the case of free-surface flows. We briefly investigate the convergence of the method and prove its ability to model complex free-surface and turbulent flows. The results are generally improved when compared to a weakly compressible SPH model with the same boundary conditions, especially * Corresponding author. tel: +33 (0)6 67 88 92 13Email addresses: agnes.leroy@edf.fr (A. Leroy), damien.violeau@edf.fr (D. Violeau),

In this work we consider the fluid-structure interaction in fully nonlinear setting, where different space discretization can be used. The model problem considers finite elements for structure and finite volume for fluid. The computations for such interaction problem are performed by implicit schemes, and the partitioned algorithm separating fluid from structural iterations. The formal proof is given to find the condition for convergence of this iterative procedure in the fully nonlinear setting. Several validation examples are shown to confirm the proposed convergence criteria of partitioned algorithm. The proposed strategy provides a very suitable basics for code-coupling implementation as discussed in Part II.

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Due to the Lagrangian nature of SPH, treating inlet/outlet boundaries (that are intrinsically Eulerian) is a challenging issue. An extension to the Unified SemiAnalytical boundary conditions is presented to deal with unsteady open boundaries in confined and free-surface flows. The presented method uses Riemann invariants to calculate flow properties near the open boundaries, thus allowing the possibility to treat complex shapes. Furthermore, details are presented for a parallel implementation of this method, including particle creation and deletion, updating properties of vertices and segments, and additional constraints on the time step. Simple validation cases are then displayed to illustrate the performance of the proposed method as well as the ability to deal with complex problems such as generation of water waves and free outlets.

In this work we discuss a way to compute the impact of free-surface flow on nonlinear structures. The approach chosen rely on a partitioned strategy that allows to solve strongly coupled fluid-structure interaction problem. It is then possible to re-use existing and validated strategy for each sub-problem. The structure is formulated in a Lagrangian way and solved by the finite element method. The free-surface flow approach considers a Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) strategy formulated in an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) framework, and the finite volume are used to discrete and solve this problem. The software coupling is ensured in an efficient way using the Communication Template Library (CTL). Numerical examples presented herein concern 2D validations case but also 3D problems with a large number of equations to be solved.

The main focus of the present article is the development of a general solution framework for coupled and/or interaction multi-physics problems based upon re-using existing codes into software products. In particular, we discuss how to build this software tool for the case of fluid-structure interaction problem, from finite element code FEAP for structural and finite volume code OpenFOAM for fluid mechanics. This is achieved by using the Component Template Library (CTL) to provide the coupling between the existing codes into a single software product. The present CTL code-coupling procedure accepts not only different discretization schemes, but different languages, with the solid component written in Fortran and fluid component written in C++. Moreover, the resulting CTL-based code also accepts the nested parallelization. The proposed coupling strategy is detailed for explicit and implicit fixed-point iteration solver presented in the Part I of this paper, referred to Direct Force-Motion Transfer/BlockGauss-Seidel. However, the proposed code-coupling framework can easily accommodate other solution schemes. The selected application examples are chosen to confirm the capability of the code-coupling strategy to provide a quick development of advanced computational tools for demanding practical problems, such as 3D fluid models with free-surface flows interacting with structures.

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