Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag untersucht personalpolitische Umbrüche in der Rentenversicherung nach 1945 im Zuge der alliierten Entnazifizierungspolitik. Am Beispiel der Landesversicherungsanstalten Baden, Westfalen und Württemberg wird zunächst die politische Prägung der zentralen Leitungspersonen in der NS-Zeit vorgestellt, ehe im Anschluss näher auf die Entnazifizierungspolitik in den unterschiedlichen Regionen und die Personalpolitik bei den einzelnen LVAen eingegangen wird. Dabei nimmt der Beitrag insbesondere generationelle Dynamiken in den Blick und zeichnet anhand der in den demokratischen Wiederaufbau involvierten Personen das Bild heterogener „Aufbaugenerationen“. Abstract Personnel policy dynamics in pension insurance after 1945 in the context of the Allied denazification policy The essay focuses on the personnel policy dynamics in pension insurance after 1945 against the background of the Allied denazification policy. Using the example of the Landesversicherungsanstalten Baden, Westfalen and Württemberg, the essay at first examines the political character of the central management staff which is followed by a closer look at the denacification policies in the different regions and the personnel policy at the individual LVAs. In doing so, the article focuses especially on generational dynamics and, by taking the example of central persons involved in the process of democratization, draws the picture of heterogeneous “Aufbaugenerationen”.
Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag skizziert die institutionelle Entwicklung der Landesversicherungsanstalten (LVAen) Baden und Württemberg im „Dritten Reich“ und stellt die Einbindung der beiden Versicherungsträger in die nationalsozialistische Renten- und Gesundheitspolitik dar. Zentrale Untersuchungsaspekte bilden die personellen Umbrüche im Zuge der nationalsozialistischen Machteroberung, die Ausschaltung der Selbstverwaltung und die Etablierung des „Führerprinzips“, der Wandel der institutionellen Leistungspolitik vor dem Hintergrund sich verändernder gesundheitspolitischer Rahmenbedingungen und Zielsetzungen sowie das Verwaltungshandeln der Versicherungsanstalten im Rahmen der NS-Rentenpolitik, insbesondere in Hinsicht auf den Ausschluss und die Diskriminierung von „Staatsfeinden“ und Juden. In einem abschließenden Kapitel wird auf die unmittelbare Nachkriegsentwicklung und die Reorganisation der demokratischen Selbstverwaltung in Baden und Württemberg eingegangen. Wesentliche Teile dieses Beitrages basieren auf der zum Teil erstmaligen Auswertung von Archivbeständen aus dem Badischen Generallandesarchiv in Karlsruhe (GLAK), dem Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart (HStAS), dem Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württembergs sowie dem Bundesarchiv (BArch). Abstract Institutional History of the Landesversicherungsanstalten (LVAen) Baden and Württemberg in the „Third Reich“ The article outlines the institutional history of the Landesversicherungsanstalten (LVAen) Baden and Württemberg in the “Third Reich” which is embedded in the shifting goals of national socialist pension- and health policy. Key aspects are the personnel policy changes during the “Machtergreifung”, the elimination of the principle of “Selbstverwaltung” and the implementation of the “Führerprinzip”, the change of institutional policies considering the shifting premises and goals in national socialist health policy and the role of the LVAen in the pension policy of the regime, especially regarding the exclusion and discrimination of “Staatsfeinden” and Jews. In a final chapter, the article gives an outlook on post-war developments and the reorganization of the democratic “Selbstverwaltung” in Baden and Württemberg. Large parts of this article are based on the – partial first time – evaluation of collections of records of the Badisches Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe (GLAK), the Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart (HStAS), the Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart (HStAS), the Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg and the Bundesarchiv (BArch).
<p>Triangle zones are thrust sheets or stacks of thrust sheets underlain by foreland-directed thrusts and overlain by a kinematically linked &#8220;passive&#8221; roof thrust - a backthrust - directed towards the hinterland. They are not uncommon in thin-skinned fold-and-thrust belts. Most triangle zones are known from seismic data and drilling. We describe a km-scale example exposed on a flank of the Altyn Dara valley near the thrust front of the Pamir mountains in Kyrgyzstan. The External Pamir is a high-level thrust belt built from non-metamorphic strata of Permian to Neogene age. It is bounded on its internal, southern side by the Main Pamir thrust with metamorphic rocks in its hanging-wall and in the north by the Pamir Frontal thrust which juxtaposes it with undeformed foreland strata of the Alai valley.</p><p>The triangle zone has formed where the basal detachment of the External Pamir ramps up from Lower Cretaceous redbeds into a succession of Upper Cretaceous marine pelites with a few intercalated limestone horizons. The strongly deformed Upper Cretaceous strata are contained between a north-directed thrust and a south-directed backthrust, both of which carry Lower Cretaceous rocks in their hanging-walls. In stark contrast to classical models, the core of the triangle zone is occupied by a bundle of essentially unfaulted, isoclinal upright folds. The subvertical axial planes diverge slightly upwards and changing elevations of the synclinal troughs suggest an anticlinorium. This structure is exposed over a vertical distance of 1 km in the steep flank of Pik Sverdlova. The folds involve four shaly packages and three limestone horizons. The initial total thickness of this succession was about 500 m. A strong slaty cleavage is developed in the shales, but the limestones do not show marked thickness variations between the long, straight fold limbs and the tight but rounded hinges. Assuming negligible penetrative strain in the limestones, unfolding the sinuous bed length suggests 10 km of horizontal shortening accommodated by folding.</p><p>Its overall geometry suggests that the triangle zone originated as a wide zone of detachment folding above a thrust fault propagating at the base of the weak Upper Cretaceous shales. The strong contraction may indicate some kind of buttress towards the foreland such as a syndepositional fault against which the Cenomanian-Turonian succession thinned or terminated, or the backthrust itself if it initiated early on. At any rate, the highly shortened bundle of folds was at some point bypassed along a deeper detachment in Lower Cretaceous strata into which the backthrust merges.</p><p>The internal structure of the Pik Sverdlova triangle zone would be difficult to image by conventional seismic techniques. Vertical drilling would also be unlikely to fully reveal the folded architecture. We speculate that in many triangle zones folding may be a more important mechanism than incorporated in the prevailing thrust-stacking models.</p><p>&#160;</p>
Artificial Intelligence and Digital Twins play an integral role in driving innovation in the domain of intelligent driving. Long shortterm memory (LSTM) is a leading driver in the field of lane change prediction for manoeuvre anticipation. However, the decision-making process of such models is complex and non-transparent, hence reducing the trustworthiness of the smart solution. This work presents an innovative approach and a technical implementation for explaining lane change predictions of layer normalized LSTMs using Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP). The core implementation includes consuming live data from a digital twin on a German highway, live predictions and explanations of lane changes by extending LRP to layer normalized LSTMs, and an interface for communicating and explaining the predictions to a human user. We aim to demonstrate faithful, understandable, and adaptable explanations of lane change prediction to increase the adoption and trustworthiness of AI systems that involve humans. Our research also emphases that explainability and state-of-the-art performance of ML models for manoeuvre anticipation go hand in hand without negatively affecting predictive effectiveness.
Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag skizziert die institutionelle Entwicklung der Landesversicherungsanstalten (LVAen) Baden und Württemberg im „Dritten Reich“ und stellt die Einbindung der beiden Versicherungsträger in die nationalsozialistische Renten- und Gesundheitspolitik dar. Zentrale Untersuchungsaspekte bilden die personellen Umbrüche im Zuge der nationalsozialistischen Machteroberung, die Ausschaltung der Selbstverwaltung und die Etablierung des „Führerprinzips“, der Wandel der institutionellen Leistungspolitik vor dem Hintergrund sich verändernder gesundheitspolitischer Rahmenbedingungen und Zielsetzungen sowie das Verwaltungshandeln der Versicherungsanstalten im Rahmen der NS-Rentenpolitik, insbesondere in Hinsicht auf den Ausschluss und die Diskriminierung von „Staatsfeinden“ und Juden. In einem abschließenden Kapitel wird auf die unmittelbare Nachkriegsentwicklung und die Reorganisation der demokratischen Selbstverwaltung in Baden und Württemberg eingegangen. Wesentliche Teile dieses Beitrages basieren auf der zum Teil erstmaligen Auswertung von Archivbeständen aus dem Badischen Generallandesarchiv in Karlsruhe (GLAK), dem Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart (HStAS), dem Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württembergs sowie dem Bundesarchiv (BArch). Abstract Institutional History of the Landesversicherungsanstalten (LVAen) Baden and Württemberg in the „Third Reich“ The article outlines the institutional history of the Landesversicherungsanstalten (LVAen) Baden and Württemberg in the “Third Reich” which is embedded in the shifting goals of national socialist pension- and health policy. Key aspects are the personnel policy changes during the “Machtergreifung”, the elimination of the principle of “Selbstverwaltung” and the implementation of the “Führerprinzip”, the change of institutional policies considering the shifting premises and goals in national socialist health policy and the role of the LVAen in the pension policy of the regime, especially regarding the exclusion and discrimination of “Staatsfeinden” and Jews. In a final chapter, the article gives an outlook on post-war developments and the reorganization of the democratic “Selbstverwaltung” in Baden and Württemberg. Large parts of this article are based on the – partial first time – evaluation of collections of records of the Badisches Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe (GLAK), the Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart (HStAS), the Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart (HStAS), the Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg and the Bundesarchiv (BArch).
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