Figure 4. Reaction cascade of the formation of product 2 from FLP 11, CO, and HB(C 6 F 5 ) 2 calculated by DFT. The values given refer to free reaction enthalpies in toluene solution at 298 K (i.e., they include entropy as well as solvent effects) whereas the numbers in parentheses are pure electronic reaction energies in the gas phase.
The intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) Mes2PCH2CH2B(C6F5)2 4 adds cooperatively to carbon monoxide to form the five-membered heterocyclic carbonyl compound 5. The intramolecular FLP 7 contains an exo-3-B(C6F5)2 Lewis acid and an endo-2-PMes2 Lewis base functionality coordinated at the norbornane framework. This noninteracting FLP adds carbon monoxide in solution at -35 °C cooperatively to yield a five-membered heterocyclic FLP-carbonyl compound 8. In contrast, FLP 7 is carbonylated in a CO-doped argon matrix at 25 K to selectively form a borane carbonyl 9 without involvement of the adjacent phosphanyl moiety. The free FLP 7 was generated in the gas phase from its FLPH2 product 10. A DFT study has shown that the phosphonium hydrido borate zwitterion 10 is formed exergonically in solution but tends to lose H2 when brought into the gas phase.
|Organometallics 2011, 30, 4211-4219 Organometallics ARTICLE chemistry will be illustrated in this article with this new example of an electronically controlled P/B Lewis pair.' RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Generation of the New Frustrated Lewis Pair. For generating the new FLP (13) we first reacted bis(pentafluorophenyl) chlorophosphine ( 11) 17 with propynyllithium to yield the reagent 12 (Scheme 1). Its treatment with Piers' borane [HB(C 6 F 5 ) 2 ] 15 at room temperature gave a ca. 7:1 mixture of the two regioisomeric products 13 and 14 isolated in a combined yield of close to 90%. The major product is the "Markovnikov" addition product 13. It features a very typical set of 1 H NMR spectral data of the dCHCH 3 moiety [methyl: doublet at δ 1.58 ( 3 J H,H = 6.9 Hz) and doublet of quartets with 3 J P,H ≈ 24 Hz at δ 6.73 (see Figure 1)]. The minor product ( 14) in contrast features a broad methyl signal at δ 2.00 and a broad dCH resonance at δ 7.50. The major product (13) features a 31 P NMR signal at δ À62.8 and a broad 11
The dimesitylpropargylphosphanes mes2 P-CH2 -C≡C-R 6 a (R=H), 6 b (R=CH3 ), 6 c (R=SiMe3 ) and the allene mes2 P-C(CH3 )=C=CH2 (8) were reacted with Piers' borane, HB(C6 F5 )2 . Compound 6 a gave mes2 PCH2 CH=CH(B(C6 F5 )2 ] (9 a). In contrast, addition of HB(C6 F5 )2 to 6 b and 6 c gave mixtures of 9 b (R=CH3 ) and 9 c (R=SiMe3 ) with the regioisomers mes2 P-CH2 -C[B(C6 F5 )2 ]=CRH 2 b (R=CH3 ) and 2 c (R=SiMe3 ), respectively. Compounds 2 b,c underwent rapid phosphane/borane (P/B) frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) reactions under mild conditions. Compound 2 c reacted with nitric oxide (NO) to give the persistent FLP NO radical 11. The systems 2 b,c cleaved dihydrogen at room temperature to give the respective phosphonium/hydridoborate products 13 b,c. Compound 13 c transferred the H(+) /H(-) pair to a small series of enamines. Compound 13 c was also a metal-free catalyst (5 mol %) for the hydrogenation of the enamines. The allene 8 reacted with B(C6 F5 )3 to give the zwitterionic phosphonium/borate 17. The -PPh2 -substituted mes2 P-propargyl system 6 d underwent a typical 1,2-P/B-addition reaction to the C≡C triple bond to form the phosphetium/borate zwitterion 20. Several products were characterized by X-ray diffraction.
A new reaction pathway: Carbon monoxide is readily reduced by Piers' borane at a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) to yield a formylborane stabilized by the FLP (see picture). This reaction may be considered a typical example of efficient activation of a small molecule by a FLP.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.