Channel measurements were performed by the German Aerospace Center in various near ground optical channels including a 1.5 km horizontal path as well as a 61km path. These measurements clearly showed that the atmosphere causes very slow fading (compared to the high data rates usually used in optical communication systems), which significantly degrades the transmission quality. As transmitter power and receiver sensitivity are limited by the transmission technology, fading depicts a severe problem, that can be reduced by the use of forward error correction schemes (FEC) in order to improve system performance. Therefore FEC was subject of investigations by means of simulations. To figure out which FEC methods are useful for applications in the atmospheric optical channels simulations of standard block codes and interleavers have been done. They were based on data sets taken in the various channel measurements. The simulations point out that only very long interleaving can increase performance significantly.
In photovoltaics (PV), sun simulators are used to reproduce outdoor conditions in a lab environment such as irradiance level, light uniformity and spectral distribution. Concentrator (C)PV applications additionally require the sun simulators to provide rays with an angular distribution similar to that of the sun rays. However, different factors in CPV sun simulator setups make it difficult to achieve the perfect sun like angular distribution. This is mainly caused by the unavailability of appropriate light sources. Therefore, we investigated in this work, to which deviations such a non-ideal light source can lead and which impact is expected at the measurement of a CPV module. For this, two ray tracing models are presented - one for the simulation of natural sunrays, another one for the simulation of sun simulator conditions. The models are validated based on measurements and subsequently used to simulate the impact on a typical CPV module with silicone-on-glass Fresnel lenses. Here, significant deviations to outdoor conditions are found.
In this paper, we present an indoor measurement procedure for characterizing the electrical performance of large aperture photovoltaic modules. Because of the fact that sun simulators, especially for concentrator photovoltaic applications, are strongly limited in the size of the uniformly illuminated area, we developed a measurement procedure that allows characterizing modules with a larger aperture area than the aperture provided by the sun simulator. The procedure is based on the concept of stepwise illumination of the module area and measurement of the corresponding I-V curves-without the need to contact the subunits directly. Using the additionally measured dark I-V curve of the module, the characteristic I-V curve of the full module can be calculated
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