Mobile ad hoc network (MANETs) is infrastructure-less, self-organizing, fast deployable wireless network, so they truly are exceptionally appropriate for purposes between special outside occasions, communications in locations without a radio infrastructure, crises, and natural disasters, along with military surgeries. Security could be the primary weak spot in manet on account of this flexibility of structures and always changing dynamic topology, that will be very exposed to your selection of strikes like eavesdropping, routing, and alteration of programs. MANET is affected with security issues, surpassing Quality of services (QoS).So, intrusion tracking which modulates your system to recognize some other violation weakness would be that the top approach to guarantee security for MANET. Detecting intrusions has a critical part in supplying protections and functions as beyond layer of defenses against access. Power collapse of the cellular node maybe not merely alter the node alone but its capacity to forwards packets which is based on total system life. This also caused the institution of the routing protocol to its stable optimal choice of this multipath to increase the navigation MANETs. Provision of energy-efficient and secure routing is a challenge given the changing topology and restricted resources of this kind of network. To address the energy efficiency and security we suggest a trust-based secure energy efficient navigation in MANETs employing the hybrid algorithm, cat slap single-player algorithm (C-SSA), that selects the best jumps in advancing the routing. In the beginning, the fuzzy clustering is put on, and the cluster heads (CHs) are picked predicated maximum worth of indirect, direct, and recent trust. Predicated on trust threshold worth nodes additionally discovered. Even the CHs are participated from the multi hop routing, and the assortment of the best route relies upon the projected hybrid protocol, and that selects the best routes determined by the delay, throughput, along with connectivity within this course. The proposed method obtained a minimal energy of 0.11m joules, a negligible delay of 0.005 msec, a maximum throughput of 0.74 bps, a maximum packet delivery ratio of 0.99 percent, and a maximum detection rate of 90%. The proposed method compared with the existing techniques in the presence and absent of the selective packet dropping attack.INDEX TERMS MANET, Selective packet dropping attack, Energy efficiency, Cluster head, Trust values.
This paper presents a case study of the use of a repeated single-criterion card sort with an unusually large, diverse participant group. The study, whose goal was to elicit novice programmers' knowledge of programming concepts, involved over
This paper reports on the authors use of the SOLO taxonomy to describe differences in the way students and educators solve small code reading exercises. SOLO is a general educational taxonomy, and has not previously been applied to the study of how novice programmers manifest their understanding of code. Data was collected in the form of written and think-aloud responses from students (novices) and educators (experts), using exam questions. During analysis, the responses were mapped to the different levels of the SOLO taxonomy. From think-aloud responses, the authors found that educators tended to manifest a SOLO relational response on small reading problems, whereas students tended to manifest a multistructural response. These results are consistent with the literature on the psychology of programming, but the work in this paper extends on these findings by analyzing the design of exam questions.
This paper reports on the authors use of the SOLO taxonomy to describe differences in the way students and educators solve small code reading exercises. SOLO is a general educational taxonomy, and has not previously been applied to the study of how novice programmers manifest their understanding of code. Data was collected in the form of written and think-aloud responses from students (novices) and educators (experts), using exam questions. During analysis, the responses were mapped to the different levels of the SOLO taxonomy. From think-aloud responses, the authors found that educators tended to manifest a SOLO relational response on small reading problems, whereas students tended to manifest a multistructural response. These results are consistent with the literature on the psychology of programming, but the work in this paper extends on these findings by analyzing the design of exam questions.
In this paper, we report on a study that was carried out to investigate students' opinions on learning and accepting coding standards in programming courses. We used a questionnaire survey to gather data. We also used the information observed from our teaching practices. An analysis of the data indicated that most students' believe coding standards are important in programming courses but tend not to comply with them, thus implying possible flaws in the teaching strategies used. We also present current strategies we use for teaching coding standards, and evaluate them for effectiveness. In doing so, we propose strategies that are likely to be effective in teaching coding standards as they would be used in industry, and present suggestions for further studies that can be carried out to implement these strategies.
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