Alloying plays a central role in tailoring the material properties of 2D transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). However, despite widespread reports, the details of the alloying mechanism in 2D TMDs have remained largely unknown and are yet to be further explored. Here, we combine a set of systematic experiments with ab initio density functional theory (DFT) calculations to unravel a defect-mediated mechanism for the alloying of monolayer TMD crystals. In our alloying approach, a monolayer MoSe 2 film serves as a host crystal in which exchanging selenium (Se) atoms with sulfur (S) atoms yields a MoS 2x Se 2(1−x) alloy. Our study reveals that the driving force required for the alloying of CVD-grown films with abundant vacancy-type defects is significantly lower than that required for the alloying of exfoliated films with fewer vacancies. Indeed, we show that preexisting Se vacancies in the host MoSe 2 lattice mediate the replacement of chalcogen atoms and facilitate the synthesis of MoS 2x Se 2(1−x) alloys. Our DFT calculations suggest that S atoms can bind to Se vacancies and then diffuse throughout the host MoSe 2 lattice via exchanging the position with Se vacancies, further supporting our proposed defect-mediated alloying mechanism. Beside native vacancy defects, we show that the existence of large-scale defects in CVD-grown MoSe 2 films causes the fracture of alloys under the alloying-induced strain, while no such effect is observed in exfoliated MoSe 2 films. Our study provides a deep insight into the details of the alloying mechanism and enables the synthesis of 2D alloys with tunable properties.
For quantum technologies based on single excitons and spins, the deterministic placement and control of a single exciton is a longstanding goal. MoSe 2 -WSe 2 heterostructures host spatially indirect interlayer excitons (IXs) that exhibit highly tunable energies and unique spin-valley physics, making them promising candidates for quantum information processing. Previous IX trapping approaches involving moireś uperlattices and nanopillars do not meet the quantum technology requirements of deterministic placement and energy tunability. Here, we use a nanopatterned graphene gate to create a sharply varying electric field in close proximity to a MoSe 2 -WSe 2 heterostructure. The dipole interaction between the IX and the electric field creates an ∼20 nm trap. The trapped IXs show the predicted electric-field-dependent energy, saturation at low excitation power, and increased lifetime, all signatures of strong spatial confinement. The demonstrated architecture is a crucial step toward the deterministic trapping of single IXs, which has broad applications to scalable quantum technologies.
MoSe2–WSe2 heterostructures host strongly bound interlayer excitons (IXs), which exhibit bright photoluminescence (PL) when the twist angle is near 0° or 60°. Over the past several years, there have been numerous reports on the optical response of these heterostructures but no unifying model to understand the dynamics of IXs and their temperature dependence. Here we perform a comprehensive study of the temperature, excitation power, and time-dependent PL of IXs. We observe a significant decrease in PL intensity above a transition temperature that we attribute to a transition from localized to delocalized IXs. Astoundingly, we find a simple inverse relationship between the IX PL energy and the transition temperature, which exhibits opposite power-dependent behaviors for near 0° and 60° samples. We conclude that this temperature dependence is a result of IX–IX exchange interactions, whose effect is suppressed by the moiré potential trapping IXs at low temperature.
Measurements have been added to an old demonstration of chemical equilibria allowing the determination of thermodynamic constants. The experiment allows the students an opportunity to merge qualitative observations associated with Le Chatelier's principle and thermodynamic calculations using graphical techniques.
Two-dimensional (2D) material–organic interfaces offer a platform to realize hybrid materials with tunable optical properties that are determined by the interactions between the disparate materials. This is particularly attractive for tailoring the optoelectronic properties of semiconducting monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Here, we demonstrate evidence of coupled 2D semiconductor–molecular excitons with enhanced optical properties, which results from the atomically thin heterojunction. Specifically, we investigate the hybridization of the 2.16 eV WSe2 B exciton with the 2.20 eV transition of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA), observed by enhanced resonant Raman scattering by the PTCDA vibrational modes, with enhancements by a factor of nearly 20. The effect can be understood from a coupled oscillator model in which the strong absorption resonance of the WSe2 monolayer increases the Raman scattering efficiency of the PTCDA. The Raman enhancement diminishes with increasing WSe2 thickness, which is attributed to a reflectivity effect that reduces the intensity at the surface. The proposed hybridization effect may lead to new investigations into the nature of coupled excitons in atomically thin junctions.
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