[1] A 14-year (1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003) high resolution European Cloud Climatology has been generated by use of NOAA/ AVHRR data. For selected areas we present spatially averaged monthly means of total cloud cover derived from noon overpasses and compare them with surface SYNOP observations. The climatologies do not reveal a significant trend of cloud cover over the 14-year period. However, both data sets show a clear latitudinal variability and a seasonal dependence which is more pronounced in the satellite than in the SYNOP observations. Mean differences between satellite and SYNOP data range from about À2% to À10% in all seasons except summer when the mean difference is as large as À15.3%. As a special feature we notice the broad minimum of cloud cover during the extreme dry and hot summer in 2003 in Central Europe.
For many years efforts have been made to describe the complex process of particle separation in cyclones, and a multitude of separation models have been set up. A comparison of such separation models fails because insufficient usable test results are available and systematic and precise investigations are missing. It is important for the design of cyclones to rate their separation properties by means of the fractional collection efficiency. On account of the known measuring problems, the data supply of
As a first step towards a new combined product for sea ice classification based on optical/thermal data collected by Sentinel-3 satellites and SAR data from Sentinel-1 satellites, which can be used as an appropriate support for navigation in Arctic and sub-Arctic waters, two existing classification algorithms are adapted to these data. The classification based on optical data has improved, so it is expected that the results will be ideally suited to be processed together with SAR data into significantly improved sea ice information products to support marine navigation. The usefulness of the combined processing is demonstrated by means of two simple algorithms and a more sophisticated approach is outlined, which will be realized in the future in order to form the basis for an integration into an operational service with the involvement of further partners and users.
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