Integrating visual and auditory language information is critical for reading. Suppression and congruency effects in audiovisual paradigms with letters and speech sounds have provided information about low-level mechanisms of grapheme-phoneme integration during reading. However, the central question about how such processes relate to reading entire words remains unexplored. Using ERPs, we investigated whether audiovisual integration occurs for words already in beginning readers, and if so, whether this integration is reflected by differences in map strength or topography (aim 1); and moreover, whether such integration is associated with reading fluency (aim 2). A 128-channel EEG was recorded while 69 monolingual (Swiss)-German speaking first-graders performed a detection task with rare targets. Stimuli were presented in blocks either auditorily (A), visually (V) or audiovisually (matching: AVM; nonmatching: AVN). Corresponding ERPs were computed, and unimodal ERPs summated (A + V = sumAV). We applied TANOVAs to identify time windows with significant integration effects: suppression (sumAV-AVM) and congruency (AVN-AVM). They were further characterized using GFP and 3D-centroid analyses, and significant effects were correlated with reading fluency. The results suggest that audiovisual suppression effects occur for familiar German and unfamiliar English words, whereas audiovisual congruency effects can be found only for familiar German words, probably due to lexical-semantic processes involved. Moreover, congruency effects were characterized by topographic differences, indicating that different sources are active during processing of congruent compared to incongruent audiovisual words. Furthermore, no clear associations between audiovisual integration and reading fluency were found. The degree to which such associations develop in beginning readers remains open to further investigation.

a b s t r ac tUsing texts selected from the C-Oral-Rom corpus, this study considers how linguistic and sociolinguistic variables affect liaison. In the majority of cases, liaison appears on monosyllabic function words. Individual lexemes differ greatly in rate of liaison. With regard to sociolinguistic variation, female speakers realize liaison consonants more often than male speakers, younger speakers realize it more often than older speakers, and liaison rates for speakers without university degree are higher than for speakers with university degree. Results are discussed in the light of models of prosodic structure and with respect to their implications for models of socio-linguistic variation. i nt roduc t i onFrench liaison is a phrasal phonological phenomenon that consists in the pronunciation of a word-final consonant that is followed by a vowel-initial word, see (1a), where this consonant is otherwise not pronounced when the word is realised in isolation or before a pause, 1 (1b). Here and in all following examples, realization of a liaison consonant is indicated in the orthographic representation by an underscore ('_'), and word boundaries are indicated in the phonetic transcription by a hash ('#').(1) Liaison vs. absence of liaison for petit, Adj Masc 'little' a. before vowel-initial word petit_amiThe present study addresses the question of how liaison is used in informal speech, based on a small selection of texts drawn from the French part of the C-Oral-Rom 1 An exception constitute numbers like six 'six' or dix 'ten', whose final consonant remains silent if it precedes a consonant, but is pronounced when followed by a vowel-initial word or by a pause. These cases will not be examined here.

Includes the following reviews:pp. 99-103. Arne Olofsson. Cambridge International Dictionary of English (CIDE). pp. 103-104. Ritva Leppihalme. Schäffner, C. & Kelly-Holmes, H. (eds.), Cultural Functions od Translation. pp. 104-105. Marie Källkvist. The Longman Language Activator: The World's First Production Dictionary. pp. 105-106. Nat Chase. Nicholls, P., Modernisms. pp. 106-108. Bengt Odenstedt. Lass, R., Old English. A historical linguistic companion. pp. 108-109. Karin Aijmer. Tsui, A.B.M., English Conversation. pp. 109-110. Eugene McKendry. Ó Sé, D. & Sheils, J., Teach Yourself Irish. pp. 110-112. Gunnar Bergh. Andersson, D.A., Contemporary Sports Reporting. pp. 112-113. Joe Trotta. Jacobs, R., English Syntax: A Grammar for English Language Professionals. p. 114. Gustav Korlén. Dallmann, G., Zwischenrufe. Gedichte aus grosser und sehr kleiner Zeit. pp. 115-117. Christine Frisch. Lenk, H.E.H., Deutsche Gesprächskultur. pp. 117-119. Edelgard Biedermann. Frevert, U., "Mann und Weib, Weib und Mann". Geschlechter-Differenzen in der Moderne. pp. 120-127. Göran Bornäs. Enwall, J. & Lötmarker, R., Fransk-svensk ordbok.

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