of findings for the main comparison. Hypnotherapy versus behavioural treatments or no treatment for smoking cessation Hypnotherapy versus behavioural treatments or no treatment for smoking cessation Patient or population: people who smoke Intervention: hypnotherapy Comparison: behavioural treatments or no treatment Anticipated absolute effects * (95% CI) Outcomes Risk with control Risk with Hypnotherapy Relative effect (95% CI) № of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) Comments Study population Hypnotherapy versus attention-matched behavioural treatments Smoking cessation at 6+ months follow-up 150 per 1,000 182 per 1,000
Volunteers in non-government organisations are increasingly providing mental health support due to increasing demand and in the context of overstretched publicly-funded mental health services. This descriptive, cross-sectional study explored a knowledge gap in the literature of mental health telephone counselling by examining the motivation and retention determinants of helpline volunteers. In total, 25 participants were recruited across four focus groups and five individual interviews from a non-government organisation which provides a national phone counselling service to callers in New Zealand. Interviews were electronically recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. Volunteers were found to have a high regard for their role and enjoyed many aspects including initial training, ongoing supports (formal/informal) and nature of the phone calls. However, organisational priorities/communication, disconnectedness, technological issues, lack of recognition and lack of a sense of belonging were reasons cited for intention to leave but previous mental health experiences, autonomy/flexibility, self-discovery/skills development and being there for someone else were key factors for volunteers to start and remain in their role. Understanding these crucial factors may help modulate volunteer satisfaction and retention in mental health organisations but may also potentially be relevant to other types of volunteer organisations.
Summary
Purpose: To describe five patients with ictal aphasia and one patient with ictal amnesia, who had focal positron emission tomography (PET) hypermetabolism but no clear ictal activity on electroencephalography (EEG).
Methods: 18F‐Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–PET scans with concomitant EEG were obtained in five patients with suspected ictal aphasia or ictal amnesia without ictal activity on EEG. We reviewed medical history, EEG, imaging data, and treatment outcome.
Results: Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed no structural abnormalities in any of the patients. EEG showed left temporal irregular delta activity in three patients, with aphasia and nonspecific abnormalities in two other patients, all without clear ictal pattern. All patients demonstrated focal hypermetabolism on PET scan. The hypermetabolism was in the left frontotemporal region in patients with ictal aphasia and in the bilateral hippocampal region in the patient with amnesia. Three patients who received intravenous benzodiazepines during their episodes had transient clinical improvement. With antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment, symptoms gradually resolved in all patients. Concomitant resolution of PET hypermetabolism was documented in three patients who had follow up scans. One patient with ictal aphasia later developed recurrent episodes, each with recurrent PET hypermetabolism. This patient and one other patient required immune‐modulating therapy in addition to AEDs.
Discussion: FDG‐PET imaging should be considered as a diagnostic tool in patients with suspected ictal aphasia or amnesia, who fail to show clear evidence of ictal activity on EEG.
of findings for the main comparison. Hypnotherapy versus behavioural treatments or no treatment for smoking cessation Hypnotherapy versus behavioural treatments or no treatment for smoking cessation Patient or population: people who smoke Intervention: hypnotherapy Comparison: behavioural treatments or no treatment Anticipated absolute effects * (95% CI) Outcomes Risk with control Risk with Hypnotherapy Relative effect (95% CI) № of participants (studies) Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) Comments Study population Hypnotherapy versus attention-matched behavioural treatments Smoking cessation at 6+ months follow-up 150 per 1,000 182 per 1,000
In this paper we demonstrate a recursive method for obtaining the moments of the generalized hyperbolic distribution. The method is readily programmable for numerical evaluation of moments. For low order moments we also give an alternative derivation of the moments of the generalized hyperbolic distribution. The expressions given for these moments may be used to obtain moments for special cases such as the hyperbolic and normal inverse Gaussian distributions. Moments for limiting cases such as the skew hyperbolic t and variance gamma distributions can be found using the same approach.
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