The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated in 2012 that 287,000 maternal deaths occurred in 2010; sub-Saharan Africa (56%) and Southern Asia (29%) accounted for the global burden of maternal deaths. Men are also recognized to be responsible for the large proportion of ill reproductive health suffered by their female partners. Male involvement helps not only in accepting a contraceptive but also in its effective use and continuation. The objectives were to assess men's knowledge, attitude, and practice of modern contraceptive methods; determine the level of spousal communication about family planning decision making; and investigate the correlates of men's opinion about their roles in family planning decision making. We searched the following electronic databases from January 1995 to December 2013: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, LILAS, International Bibliography of Social Sciences, Social Services Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts. Along with MeSH terms and relevant keywords, we used the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for identifying reports of articles in PubMed. There were no restrictions to language or publication status. Of 137 hits, 7 papers met the inclusion criteria. The concept of family planning was well known to men. In the Nigerian study, almost (99%) men were aware of the existence of modern contraceptives, and most of them were aware of at least two modern methods. Awareness of the condom was highest (98%). In the Malawi study, all of the participants reported that they were not using contraception before the intervention. In Ethiopia, above 90% of male respondents have supported and approved using and choosing family planning methods, but none of them practiced terminal methods. Generally, more male respondents disagreed than agreed that men should make decisions about selected family planning issues in the family. Decision-making dynamics around method choice followed a slightly different pattern. According to female participants, decisions regarding method choice were equally made by women or jointly, with male-dominated decisions falling last. There are many challenges to increase male involvement in family planning services. So far very few interventions addressing these challenges have been evaluated scientifically. Health education campaigns to improve beliefs and attitudes of men are absolutely needed. Additionally, improving accessibility, affordability, availability, accommodation and acceptability of family planning service venues will make them more attractive for male partners.

Le Programme Africain de lutte contre l'Onchocercose (APOC) fut lancé en 1995, comme complément au brillant programme de lutte contre l'onchocercose en Afrique de l'Ouest. En 2011, plus de 80 millions de personnes ont bénéficié de cette intervention grâce à la contribution de 268 718 Distributeurs Communautaires (DC). Ses résultats significatifs occultent le rôle des femmes DC dans cette lutte cette maladie. L'objectif de cette analyse est de déterminer la contribution des femmes DC dans le traitement de l'onchocercose sous directive communautaire en Afrique sub-saharienne, et d’évaluer leur acceptation dans ledit programme. Comme stratégie de recherche, nous avons identifié toutes les études pertinentes de Janvier 1995 à Décembre 2012. Des recherches ont été effectuées dans les bases de données suivantes: Medline, Embase (Excerpta Medica Database), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), LILAS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences). Nous avons également consulté les sites d'APOC et de l'OMS AFRO. Deux auteurs ont indépendamment évalué la pertinence des articles potentiels à l'aide des critères d'inclusion et d'exclusion bien définis. Six (6) des 25 études ont rempli les critères d'inclusion. Une étude a montré que 81% des populations où il y avait des femmes DC ont reçu l'Ivermectine par rapport à 78% des villages où n'exerçaient pas de femmes DC. Une autre étude a montré qu'il y a eu une prise de conscience croissante dans les IDC en faveur de l'acceptation de la participation des femmes à la distribution communautaire de l'Ivermectine. De plus, 70% des membres de la communauté interrogés dans certaines zones endémiques, ont déclaré que les femmes étaient plus engagées, persuasives et plus patientes que les hommes dans la distribution de l'Ivermectine. Au terme de cette étude, les évaluations qui ont été effectuées donnent à penser que les femmes peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la lutte contre l'onchocercose. Toutefois, des préoccupations subsistent quant aux considérations de mise en œuvre en faveur dudit rôle. Les conclusions ont aussi des implications pour la recherche future sur l’élaboration d'un cadre d’évaluation et de comparaison des interventions impliquant les DCs hommes et femmes.

Background Infection with resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (RPA) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is known to be either endogenous or exogenous or both, but the roles of each of these contamination routes are yet to be clarified. Data regarding prevalence, risk factors, and environmental factors associated with RPA in ICU are very scanty and even when they exist, they seem to be contradictory. So, there is a strong interest in understanding both individual and environmental factors associated with RPA infection. This systematic review aims to investigate individual and environmental factors associated with the colonization and infection with RPA in ICU. Methodology MEDLINE (Pubmed), EMBASE (OVID), the Cochrane Library (Wiley), Web of Science, CINAHL (EBSCOHost), and LILACS (BIREME) will be searched from inception onwards. Grey literature will be identified through Google Scholar and Open Grey. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, abstracts, and full-text articles. Potential conflicts will be resolved through discussion. Methodological quality including bias will be appraised using appropriate approaches. A narrative synthesis will describe the quality and content of the epidemiological evidence. Prevalence, odds ratio, relative risk, and hazard radio with their respective 95% confidence intervals will be calculated. A meta-analysis of data extracted from eligible studies with similar populations and RPA testing will be performed. The analysis will evaluate factors influencing the estimates. A random effect model will be used to summarize effect sizes. Discussion Two contrasting hypotheses on risk factors of acquisition, colonization, and infection of RPA are being debated, especially in a context where available data are scanty or exhibit high discrepancy. Indeed, most of the reviews have been focalized on hospitalized patients, and not in ICU, and few of them address the issue of environmental factors. To fill that gap, this review will combine both analyses of individual and environmental risk factors using prevalence studies in ICU and evaluation of different methodologies. These two hypotheses will be tested and challenged and could serve as a basis for a more in-depth study to fill the methodological gaps that will be identified as part of this current review. Systematic review registration This protocol has been submitted to the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) and the registration number attributed was CRD42021233832 of 07 March 2021.