No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. ForewordMankind has been plagued by mosquitoes as nuisances and as vectors of mosquito-borne diseases for centuries, resulting in inestimable economic losses and indeterminable human suffering. Mosquitoes transmit some of the deadliest diseases known to man-malaria and yellow feveras well as dengue, encephalitis, filariasis and a hundred or so other maladies. In spite of decades of mosquito control efforts throughout affected regions worldwide, this scourge has not left us and our present-day overpopulated, jet-linked world remains on the edge of resurgence and outbreaks of old and new mosquito-borne disease epidemics.Ninety-two mosquito species of more than 3200 recorded worldwide, traverse the European continent. In Europe malaria was eradicated ca. 50 years ago. Current trends in re-emerging mosquito-borne infectious diseases, exemplified by increasing numbers of imported malaria cases and recent outbreaks of West Nile Fever (WNF) virus, however, have given rise to growing public concern. Seasonal outbreaks of nuisance mosquito populations, which plague ecologically sensitive tourist and urban areas cause significant economic damage and constitute the major problem in Europe.This book is the product of a monumental task of collecting, processing and organising vital information on the mosquito populations of Europe. It presents a multitude of information on the bionomics, systematics, ecology and control of both pestiferous (nuisance) and disease vectors in an easily readable style providing practical guidance and important information to both professional and layman alike. It is conveniently divided into four parts containing sixteen chapters. Part one deals with general information on systematics, morphology and biology of mosquitoes, their medical significance and a very useful subchapter on mosquito research that includes important techniques and technologies utilised in mosquito surveys for sampling eggs, larvae and adult mosquito populations. Part two contains keys to identification of larval and adult mosquito genera. Part three gives a very detailed and instructive account of the morphology, ecology and distribution of all 92 European species included in 8 genera: Anopheles, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Culex, Culiseta, Coquillettidia, Orthopodomyia and Uranotaenia. This part is extremely important for species identification in any successful mosquito control or mosquito-borne disease surveillance programme.Part four dealing with control of mosquitoes is well ordered in seven sections: biological, chemical and physical control as well as personal protection, integrated pest management, implementation of sur...

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. ForewordMankind has been plagued by mosquitoes as nuisances and as vectors of mosquito-borne diseases for centuries, resulting in inestimable economic losses and indeterminable human suffering. Mosquitoes transmit some of the deadliest diseases known to man-malaria and yellow feveras well as dengue, encephalitis, filariasis and a hundred or so other maladies. In spite of decades of mosquito control efforts throughout affected regions worldwide, this scourge has not left us and our present-day overpopulated, jet-linked world remains on the edge of resurgence and outbreaks of old and new mosquito-borne disease epidemics.Ninety-two mosquito species of more than 3200 recorded worldwide, traverse the European continent. In Europe malaria was eradicated ca. 50 years ago. Current trends in re-emerging mosquito-borne infectious diseases, exemplified by increasing numbers of imported malaria cases and recent outbreaks of West Nile Fever (WNF) virus, however, have given rise to growing public concern. Seasonal outbreaks of nuisance mosquito populations, which plague ecologically sensitive tourist and urban areas cause significant economic damage and constitute the major problem in Europe.This book is the product of a monumental task of collecting, processing and organising vital information on the mosquito populations of Europe. It presents a multitude of information on the bionomics, systematics, ecology and control of both pestiferous (nuisance) and disease vectors in an easily readable style providing practical guidance and important information to both professional and layman alike. It is conveniently divided into four parts containing sixteen chapters. Part one deals with general information on systematics, morphology and biology of mosquitoes, their medical significance and a very useful subchapter on mosquito research that includes important techniques and technologies utilised in mosquito surveys for sampling eggs, larvae and adult mosquito populations. Part two contains keys to identification of larval and adult mosquito genera. Part three gives a very detailed and instructive account of the morphology, ecology and distribution of all 92 European species included in 8 genera: Anopheles, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Culex, Culiseta, Coquillettidia, Orthopodomyia and Uranotaenia. This part is extremely important for species identification in any successful mosquito control or mosquito-borne disease surveillance programme.Part four dealing with control of mosquitoes is well ordered in seven sections: biological, chemical and physical control as well as personal protection, integrated pest management, implementation of sur...

Human mast cells can be cultured from a CD34(+)/CD117(+)/CD13(+)/CD33(+) progenitor cell population in cord blood that is tryptase and chymase negative. Developing and mature mast cells express a wide range of chemokine and cytokine receptors. We found high levels of expression of CD123, IL-5R and GM-CSF receptors, also found on eosinophils and basophils, and high levels of expression of the receptor for the inflammatory cytokine IL-18.

In classical cross-country skiing, diagonal stride (DIA) is the major uphill sub-technique, while double poling (DP) is used on relatively flat terrain. Although, the dependence of incline and speed on the preference of either sub-technique seems clearly established, the mechanisms behind these preferences are not clear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare kinetics and energy consumption in DP and DIA at the same submaximal workload in cross-country skiing under two different incline-speed combinations. We compared kinetics and physiological responses in DP and DIA at the same submaximal workload (≈200 W) under two different incline-speed conditions, (5%—12.5 km h−1 vs. 12%—6.5 km h−1) where DP and DIA were expected to be preferred, respectively. Fifteen elite male cross-country skiers performed four separate 6.5-min roller skiing sessions on a treadmill at these two conditions using DP and DIA during which physiological variables, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and kinetics, including power fluctuations, were recorded. At 12% incline, DIA resulted in lower physiological response (e.g., heart rate) and RPE, and higher gross efficiency than DP, whereas at 5% incline these variables favored DP (P < 0.05). The skiers' preference for sub-technique (13 preferred DIA at 12% incline; all 15 preferred DP at 5% incline) was in accordance with these results. Fluctuation in instantaneous power was lowest in the preferred sub-technique at each condition (P < 0.05). Preference for DP at 5% incline (high speed) is most likely because the speed is too high for effective ski thrust in DIA, which is reflected in high power fluctuations. The mechanism for preference of DIA at 12% incline is not indicated directly by the current data set showing only small differences in power fluctuations between DIA and DP. Apart from the low speed allowing ski thrust, we suggest that restricted ability to utilize the body's mechanical energy as well as the use of arms in DP play an important role.

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