Gastric sensation and accommodation are studied by barostat, but this is invasive. The drink test is noninvasive and may provide similar information. We evaluated relationships between drink test, gastric function, symptoms, and psychiatric distress. Controls (73) and functional dyspeptics (FD) (92) were studied using a 5-min water load test (WL5), gastric emptying, and electrogastrography (EGG). Symptoms, quality of life, and psychiatric distress were measured using standardized measures. Controls underwent test-retest of WL5 and comparison of WL5 with 100 ml/min water-based drink test (WL100) or nutrient drink. Controls, FD, and gastroparetics estimated drinking capacity before WL5 using a visual analog scale. WL5 correlated with WL100 (r = 0.7929) but not nutrient drink test (r = 0.1995). WL5 was significantly less in FD than controls, and abnormal WL5 was seen in 46%. In FD, volume to fullness inversely correlated with symptom severity (r =-0.29; P = 0.0154) and WL5 produced more symptoms, particularly nausea. Gastric function was not different between FD with normal or abnormal WL5. Symptoms and psychiatric distress were similar between normal and abnormal WL5 groups, but the abnormal group had significantly poorer quality of life. Controls and gastroparetics had good correlation of estimated and ingested volumes, but FD did not. Versus FD with normal WL5 capacity, FD with impaired drinking capacity have normal gastric function and similar symptoms but poorer quality of life. FD are less able to predict drinking capacity. These data suggest that WL5 identifies FD with intact gastric function but abnormal visceral perception.
Diagnostic outpatient endoscopy is associated with modest increases in state anxiety that are not significantly influenced by age, sex, procedure type, indication, or referral source. Endoscopists' ability to estimate patient anxiety is poor but this may reflect the generally mild increases in state anxiety that were encountered.
Genetically modified cotton lines have been developed that are tolerant to glyphosate, the active ingredient in the herbicide Roundup. The new lines were generated by Agrobacterium tumfaciens-mediated transfer of a gene encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase isolated from Agrobacterium sp. CP4 (CP4 EPSPS). Lines were screened via greenhouse spray tests and field evaluations to identify agronomically acceptable lines with a commercial level of tolerance to glyphosate. Two lines were characterized. Lines 1445 and 1698 were transformed with different vectors that encode for the CP4 EPSPS and the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) marker protein. Both lines contain a single DNA insertion that segregates in a typical Mendelian fashion. Line 1445 contains a single copy of the CP4 EPSPS gene, whereas the line 1698 contains two copies of the CP4 EPSPS gene at a single insertion site. The stability of each DNA insertion was demonstrated by Southern analysis across the R3 and R5 generations. The expression levels of the CP4 EPSPS and NPTII were quantitated by ELISA in leaf and seed samples collected in 1993 and 1994 field trials. The use of glyphosate-tolerant cotton will enable the grower to take advantage of additional weed management alternatives. Keywords: Cotton; genetically modified; herbicide tolerant; Roundup
The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of introduced proteins in the fiber fractions of transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) before and after processing. Two novel cotton varieties were developed by genetic transformation technology. One variety expressed the CryIA(c) insecticidal protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. The second cotton variety expressed the CP4 EPSPS (5‐enolpyruvyl shikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase) protein, originally found in Agrobacterium sp., which confers tolerance to glyphosate herbicide. Levels of the CryIA(c) and CP4 EPSPS proteins in raw lint, combed lint, raw linters, and processed linter brown stock from these cotton varieties were analyzed by means of western blot, insect bioassay [for CryIA(c) protein only], or both. The CryIA(c) protein was present in raw linters (0.17 μg g−1), but it was not detected in either raw or combed lint. The CP4 EPSPS protein was detected at low levels (<0.5 μg g−1) in combed lint, but not in processed linter brown stock. Inactivation of the CryIA(c) and CP4 EPSPS proteins in the first processing step for linters indicates that these proteins will not be present in cotton linter products. Similarly, the typical heat and chemical processing of cotton lint should also denature any transgenic protein(s) present.
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