Summary:Purpose: To determine prevalence, clinical, EEG features, and prognosis of Panayiotopoulos syndrome and to examine the proposition that clinical manifestations are more important than EEG findings.Methods: We analyzed retrospectively the clinical and EEG records of 1,340 children with one or more focal seizures seen in the last 18 years, supplemented with a prospective study from 1998. Panayiotopoulos syndrome was defined by clinical criteria, mainly ictal emesis, irrespective of EEG findings.Results: We analyzed 43 of 90 patients with Panayiotopoulos syndrome who were seizure free >2 years. Girls predominated. Mean age at first seizure was 5 years. Seizures consisted mainly of autonomic manifestations; ictal emesis was often the first symptom, culminating in vomiting in 86%. Of nonautonomic manifestations, lateral eye deviation was the most common; visual symptoms were exceptional. Impairment of consciousness ensued in all seizures, half of which ended with hemi or generalized convulsions. Nearly 46.5% of cases had at least one seizure >30 min, constituting autonomic status epilepticus. Seizures during sleep (84%) were more common than those in wakefulness. EEG showed occipital spikes in 29 patients. Of the other 14 cases, five had extraoccipital abnormalities or brief generalized discharges, and nine had normal awake and sleep EEG. Prognosis was excellent. All 43 children have been free of seizures for Ն2 years, 53% having a single seizure, and 47%, an average two to three seizures.Conclusions: Panayiotopoulos syndrome is common and needs wider recognition. EEG shows occipital or extraoccipital abnormalities, is normal in one third of patients, and does not determine clinical manifestations or prognosis, which is excellent despite the high prevalence of lengthy seizures.
Summary: Purpose:To discuss and propose a definition of autonomic status epilepticus (SE), describe its clinical and EEG features, and review what is known about its epidemiology, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and management.Methods: An international consortium of established researchers in the field was identified from their published work, agreed the purpose of the project, searched the literature, and, by use of e-mail communication, agreed the consensus document.Results: Autonomic SE is a condition lasting at least 30 min and characterized by epileptic activity causing altered autonomic function of any type at seizure onset or in which manifestations consistent with altered autonomic function are prominent (quantitatively dominant or clinically important) even if not present at seizure onset. It is best described, and probably most commonly encountered in children, with Panayiotopoulos syndrome. However, it also occurs in children with symptomatic epilepsies and, exceptionally, in adults. Its pathogenesis and most appropriate management are poorly understood Conclusions: It is hoped that this document will help clinical recognition of Autonomic SE, reduce misdiagnosis, and promote further interest and studies into what has been a relatively neglected area.
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Introduction: The prevalence of stunting in children under two years old is high in developing country. Stunting in the early of life has many negative health consequences in later life, while the positive view is stunting could be prevent earlier by detecting a predisposing factors in intrauterine and extrauterine periode. Anthropometry of intrauterine predisposing factors (IntraPF) and Extrauterine predisposing factors (ExtraPF) could detect growth retardation. These study aim was to prove that there were significant different of IntraPF and ExtraPF between stunting and non stunting children aged 6-24 months.Methods: This comparative cross sectional study was nested to (Bogor longitudinal study on child growth and development (BLSCGD) held by National Health Research and Development (NHRD), Health Ministry of Indonesia. Subjects who defined as stunting if their height for age was more than two standard deviations below the WHO Child Growth standards median. There were 38 stunting and 46 non-stunting aged 6-24 months who met the study criteria. Independent variable was (1)IntraPF follow as maternal height, weight and length of neonatal, (2)ExtraPF: weight gain and body length gain at first six months of neonatal. Primary and secondary data collection was carried out from July 2017 to Februari 2018, held at the BLSCGD. All of body measurement using WHO standard. Appropriate statistical analysis was used to compare the stunting and non-stunting groups with a significance limit of p <0.05.Results: Statistical analysis tests showed that: significantly different and lower IntraPF in the stunting group was maternal height, birth weight and length of the subjects compare to non-stunting and there were significant different and lower of ExtraPF follow as weight gain in the first six months, average weight gain per month in the first six months, increase in body length in the first six months, average increase in body length every month in the first six monthssignificantly lower in stunting children compare to non stunting children.Conclusion: The antropometric of intrauterine, extrauterine predisposing factors have been showed to have an impact on the child's height. It is important to monitor the anthropometry of the mother before pregnancy and provide nutritional interventions in the first 1000 days
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