New criteria for choosing measurement strategies and assessing data quality allow better comparison of XRF results.

Main group pallasite meteorites are samples of a single early magmatic planetesimal, dominated by metal and olivine but containing accessory chromite, sulfide, phosphide, phosphates, and rare phosphoran olivine. They represent mixtures of core and mantle materials, but the environment of formation is poorly understood, with a quiescent core–mantle boundary, violent core–mantle mixture, or surface mixture all recently suggested. Here, we review main group pallasite data sets and petrologic characteristics, and present new observations on the low‐MnO pallasite Brahin that contains abundant fragmental olivine, but also rounded and angular olivine and potential evidence of sulfide–phosphide liquid immiscibility. A reassessment of the literature shows that low‐MnO and high‐FeO subgroups preferentially host rounded olivine and low‐temperature P2O5‐rich phases such as the Mg‐phosphate farringtonite and phosphoran olivine. These phases form after metal and silicate reservoirs back‐react during decreasing temperature after initial separation, resulting in oxidation of phosphorus and chromium. Farringtonite and phosphoran olivine have not been found in the common subgroup PMG, which are mechanical mixtures of olivine, chromite with moderate Al2O3 contents, primitive solid metal, and evolved liquid metal. Lower concentrations of Mn in olivine of the low‐MnO PMG subgroup, and high concentrations of Mn in low‐Al2O3 chromites, trace the development and escape of sulfide‐rich melt in pallasites and the partially chalcophile behavior for Mn in this environment. Pallasites with rounded olivine indicate that the core–mantle boundary of their planetesimal may not be a simple interface but rather a volume in which interactions between metal, silicate, and other components occur.

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The soil micromorphological examination of thin sections obtained from archaeological profiles is a well-established approach in geoarchaeology. However, it provides only limited information about the nature of metal inclusions (shape and taphonomy but not elemental composition). Laboratory micro-X-ray fluorescence (μXRF) elemental mapping is a non-destructive technique that can be applied directly to the resin-impregnated sediment blocks from which thin sections are made. However, resin blocks may not always compare to the final thin sections, since some material is lost during the fabrication process, affecting the investigation of millimeter-sized features, such as metal fragments or hammerscale, features essential for determining the type of metal working taking place at a particular site. In this study, we investigate the potential of μXRF elemental maps acquired directly from covered thin sections. Our experiment demonstrates that a wide array of elements useful for metal fragment identification (Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Ag, Sn, Au, Pb) are detectable even in coverslipped sections. This conclusion extends the potential of μXRF beyond the resin blocks from which thin sections were made, to metal fragments in the thin sections themselves, enriching the archaeological interpretation and providing information missed by traditional techniques, such as optical microscopy. C 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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