Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, enables fabrication of custom-designed and personalized 3D constructs with high complexity in shape and composition. AM has a strong potential to fabricate oral tablets with enhanced customization and complexity as compared to tablets manufactured using conventional approaches. Despite these advantages, AM has not yet become the mainstream manufacturing approach for fabrication of oral solid dosage forms mainly due to limitations of AM technologies and lack of diverse printable drug formulations. In this review, AM of oral tablets are summarized with respect to AM technology. A detailed review of AM methods and materials used for the AM of oral tablets is presented. This article also reviews the challenges in AM of pharmaceutical formulations and potential strategies to overcome these challenges.
Extrusion‐based 3D printing of polymeric biomaterials has emerged as a promising approach for the fabrication of complex tissue engineering constructs. However, the large pore and feature size lead to low cell seeding efficiency and limited control of spatial distribution of cells within the scaffolds. We developed hybrid scaffolds that are composed of 3D‐printed layers and airbrushed fibrous membranes. Airbrushing time was adjusted to fabricate low (L), medium (M), and high (H) density membranes to effectively control stem cell infiltration. When two distinct populations of stem cells were seeded from top or bottom of the scaffolds, scaffolds composed of LLL membranes showed gradual mixing of the cells with depth, whereas LHL membranes led to two distinct regions of cells separated by the H membrane. Our results demonstrate that fibrous membranes incorporated within 3D‐printed layers enable user‐defined and spatially controlled cell compositions within hybrid scaffolds.
Extrusion-based 3D printing of polymeric biomaterials has emerged as a promising approach for the fabrication of complex tissue engineering constructs. However, the large pore and feature size lead to low cell seeding efficiency and limited control of spatial distribution of cells within the scaffolds. We developed hybrid scaffolds that are composed of 3D printed layers and airbrushed fibrous membranes. Airbrushing time was adjusted to fabricate low (L), medium (M), and high (H) density membranes to effectively control stem cell infiltration. When two distinct populations of stem cells were seeded from top or bottom of the scaffolds, scaffolds composed of LLL membranes showed gradual mixing of the cells with depth whereas LHL membranes led to two distinct regions of cells separated by the H membrane. Our results demonstrate that fibrous membranes incorporated within 3D printed layers enable user-defined and spatially controlled cell compositions within hybrid scaffolds.
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