Atrophy of paraspinal muscles after open, posterior lumbar interbody fusion seems to be associated with denervation, as well as direct muscle trauma during surgery. While muscle atrophy is also correlated with a worse clinical outcome, it seems to be a determining factor for successful lumbar spine surgery.
1.1 The importance, structure and performance of the distributive trades sector 15 1.1.1 Defi nitional issues 15 1.1.2 A closer look at the grocery trade 17 1.1.3 Labour market and productivity 34 1.1.4 Cost structure -the role of product and channel 39 1.2 Regulation in the distributive trades sector 40 1.3 Competition in the distributive trades 43 1.3.1 Conceptual overview 44 1.3.2 Empirical measures of competition using national data 47 1.3.3 Empirical measures of competition using store-level data 50 2 THE IMPACT OF STRUCTURAL FEATURES ON PRICE LEVELS, PRICE-SETTING BEHAVIOUR, REGIONAL PRICE DYNAMICS AND PASS-THROUGH 60 2.1 The impact of structural features on price level differences 60 2.1.1 Introduction and motivation 60 2.1.2 The degree of price dispersion and convergence 61 2.1.3 Is there a "border effect" on prices? 65 2.1.4 The impact of the structural features of the distributive trades sector 68 2.2 Competition, outlet type and the frequency of price changes 71 ECB Occasional Paper No 128
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