There is a long history of research into body fluid biomarkers in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. However, only a few biomarkers in CSF are being used in clinical practice. One of the most critical factors in CSF biomarker research is the inadequate powering of studies because of the lack of sufficient samples that can be obtained in single-center studies. Therefore, collaboration between investigators is needed to establish large biobanks of well-defined samples. Standardized protocols for biobanking are a prerequisite to ensure that the statistical power gained by increasing the numbers of CSF samples is not compromised by preanalytical factors. Here, a consensus report on recommendations for CSF collection and biobanking is presented, formed by the BioMS-eu network for CSF biomarker research in multiple sclerosis. We focus on CSF collection procedures, preanalytical factors, and high-quality clinical and paraclinical information. The biobanking protocols are applicable for CSF biobanks for research targeting any neurologic disease.

Background— Chronic heart failure is characterized by left ventricular remodeling and reactivation of a fetal gene program; the underlying mechanisms are only partly understood. Here we provide evidence that cardiac microRNAs, recently discovered key regulators of gene expression, contribute to the transcriptional changes observed in heart failure. Methods and Results— Cardiac transcriptome analyses revealed striking similarities between fetal and failing human heart tissue. Using microRNA arrays, we discovered profound alterations of microRNA expression in failing hearts. These changes closely mimicked the microRNA expression pattern observed in fetal cardiac tissue. Bioinformatic analysis demonstrated a striking concordance between regulated messenger RNA expression in heart failure and the presence of microRNA binding sites in the respective 3′ untranslated regions. Messenger RNAs upregulated in the failing heart contained preferentially binding sites for downregulated microRNAs and vice versa. Mechanistically, transfection of cardiomyocytes with a set of fetal microRNAs induced cellular hypertrophy as well as changes in gene expression comparable to the failing heart. Conclusions— Our data support a novel mode of regulation for the transcriptional changes in cardiac failure. Reactivation of a fetal microRNA program substantially contributes to alterations of gene expression in the failing human heart.

A method for identification of game species has been developed on the basis of the amplification of a specific part of the mitochondrial genome (tRNA(Glu)/cytochrome b) using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To distinguish between several game species, the obtained 464-bp-long PCR products were cut with different restriction endonucleases (RE) resulting in species-specific restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Even closely related deer species could be distinguished by application of one or two RE. Natural polymorphisms of the target sequence within one species were examined for red deer (Cervus elaphus), and base pair substitutions were identified affecting the RFLP pattern.

Background Evidence for efficacy of disease-modifying drugs in multiple sclerosis (MS) comes from trials of short duration. We report results from a 16 y, retrospective follow-up of the pivotal interferon b-1b (IFNB-1b) study. Methods The 372 trial patients were randomly assigned to placebo (n¼123), IFNB-1b 50 mg (n¼125) or IFNB-1b 250 mg (n¼124) subcutaneously every other day for at least 2 y. Some remained randomised for up to 5 y but, subsequently, patients received treatment according to physicians' discretion. Patients were re-contacted and asked to participate. Efficacy related measures included MRI parameters, relapse rate, the Expanded Disability Status Scale, the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite Measure and conversion to secondary progressive MS. Results Of the 88.2% (328/372) of patients who were identified, 69.9% (260/372) had available case report forms. No differences in outcome between original randomisation groups could be discerned using standard disability and MRI measures. However, mortality rates among patients originally treated with IFNB-1b were lower than in the original placebo group (18.3% (20/109) for placebo versus 8.3% (9/108) for IFNB-1b 50 mg and 5.4% (6/111) for IFNB-1b 250 mg).Conclusions The original treatment assignment could not be shown to influence standard assessments of longterm efficacy. On-study behaviour of patients was influenced by factors that could not be controlled with the sacrifice of randomisation and blinding. Mortality was higher in patients originally assigned to placebo than those who had received IFNB-1b 50 mg or 250 mg. The dataset provides important resources to explore early predictors of long-term outcome.

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In this open trial we found no evidence of a clinically relevant benefit from dietary treatment with oleic and erucic acids ("Lorenzo's oil") in patients with adrenomyeloneuropathy.

Background Evaluating the long term benefit of therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS) is challenging. Although randomised controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrate therapeutic benefits on short term outcomes, the relationship between these outcomes and late disability is not established. Methods In a patient cohort from the pivotal interferon b-1b trial, the value of clinical and MRI measures were analysed, both at baseline and during the RCT, for predicting long term physical and cognitive outcome. Results Baseline disability correlated with both physical (R 2 ¼0.22; p<0.0001) and cognitive (R 2 ¼0.12; p<0.0001) outcome after 16 years. Accrual of disability during the RCT (R 2 ¼0.12; p<0.0001) and annualised relapse rates during the trial correlated with physical outcome (R 2 ¼0.12; p<0.0001) but not with cognition.

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