A cDNA clone (glx-2c) encoding glyoxal oxidase (GLOX) was isolated from a Phanerochaete chrysosporium gt11 library, and its nucleotide sequence was shown to be distinct from that of the previously described clone glx-1c (P. J. Kersten and D. Cullen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7411-7413, 1993). Genomic clones corresponding to both cDNAs were also isolated and sequenced. Overall nucleotide sequence identity was 98%, and the predicted proteins differed by a single residue: Lys-3087Thr-308. Analyses of parental dikaryotic strain BKM-F-1767 and homokaryotic progeny firmly established allelism for these structural variants. Southern blots of pulsed-field gels localized the GLOX gene (glx) to a dimorphic chromosome separate from the peroxidase and cellobiohydrolase genes of P. chrysosporium. Controlled expression of active GLOX was obtained from Aspergillus nidulans transformants when glx-1c was fused to the promoter and secretion signal of the A. niger glucoamylase gene. The GLOX isozyme corresponding to glx-2c was also efficiently secreted by A. nidulans following site-specific mutagenesis of the expression vector at codon 308 of glx-1c.The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been extensively studied for its lignin-degrading ability (29). P. chrysosporium secretes three known classes of extracellular enzymes under ligninolytic (secondary metabolic) conditions in defined glucose media: glyoxal oxidase (GLOX), lignin peroxidases (LiPs), and manganese peroxidases (MnPs). GLOX is a source of the extracellular H 2 O 2 that is required for the oxidations catalyzed by the ligninolytic peroxidases. In nutrientlimited P. chrysosporium cultures, the 68-kDa glycoprotein appears as two isozyme forms of pI 4.7 and 4.9. The purification, physical characteristics, and kinetics of GLOX have been reported (26,28).Multiple roles for GLOX in lignocellulose degradation by Phanerochaete spp. are suggested by several lines of evidence. In addition to the obvious function of peroxide supply, modulation of GLOX activity in vitro supports a role in extracellular regulation of ligninolytic activity in vivo. Purified GLOX is inactive unless activated by a coupled peroxidase system including both peroxidase and peroxidase substrate. The molecular basis for this extracellular regulation has not been elucidated. Furthermore, GLOX substrate production in vivo is likely to involve multiple metabolic pathways. Substrates for purified GLOX include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glycolaldehyde, glyoxal, glyoxylic acid, dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde, and methylglyoxal. Both glyoxal and methylglyoxal have been detected in ligninolytic cultures, but the derivation and the full complement of physiological substrates from carbohydrate metabolism are still under investigation. Interestingly, products produced by lignin peroxidase activity on lignin model compounds are also substrates for GLOX; an efficient sequence of oxidations (glycolaldehyde to glyoxal to glyoxylate to oxalate) is catalyzed (23). This finding suggests that ligninolysis ca...
IL-12, pivotal to the development of Th1 cells and formed by association of p35 and p40 subunits, is made by macrophages and the macrophage cell line RAW264.7. In this study, the promoter for p35 was cloned and analyzed. The murine IL-12 p35 gene has promoters upstream from each of the first two exons. The exon 1 and exon 2 promoters, cloned into a reporter vector, were responsive to LPS or IFN-γ/CD40 ligation in transfected RAW264.7 cells. The exon 2 promoter containing bp −809 to +1 has significant homology to the human p35 promoter. Thus, deletion analysis was performed to determine the regions required for responsiveness to LPS, CD40, and/or IFN-γ. Base pairs −809 to −740 influenced responsiveness to LPS. In contrast, bp −740to −444 and bp −122 to −100 were required for responses to IFN-γ, IFN-γ/LPS, or IFN-γ/CD40 ligation. Removal of bp −444 to −392 increased the response of the exon 2 promoter to each stimulant. IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-1 is involved in the activity of this promoter at bp −108 to −103 because levels of nuclear IRF-1 correlated with exon 2 promoter activity in response to IFN-γ and IRF-1 overexpression stimulated and enhanced exon 2 promoter activity. Also, site or deletion mutation of the IRF-1 element at bp −108 to −103 reduced the responsiveness of the promoter and IRF-1 bound to an oligonucleotide containing bp −108 to −103. The data suggest that the response of the p35 promoter to IFN-γ requires a distinct IRF-1 positive regulatory element at bp −108 to −103.
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