It was demonstrated in many experiments, that the expansion of the dense plasma of a vacuum arc spot goes along with an acceleration of multiply charged ions in the direction of the anode. The resulting plasma jet is analysed in a stationary and quasi-onedimensional model, that accounts for virtually all existing explanations. The corresponding system of multifluid equations includes singular points. The model is evaluated for two versions, that are suited to describe the cathodic jet and for which the singular points can be treated. The agreement with the experimentel results is satisfactory. It turns out, that the acceleration of the ions is mainly due to the electron-ion friction. The results indicate, that the study of the plasma jet is a suitable tool to get a more detailed knowledge of the cathode spot.
We report on the design and first-ever experimental demonstration of a 3 kW pressurized solar reactor for thermochemically converting carbonaceous feedstocks into gaseous fuels. It uses a windowless SiC cavity to efficiently absorb and transfer concentrated solar radiation to an annular gas-particle vortex flow created by injecting tangentially a charcoal/water slurry at high pressures. Experiments were carried out in a high-flux solar simulator under a solar concentration ratio equivalent to 3718 suns. For slurry feeding rates in the range 0.42-1.26 g/min, H 2 O:C molar ratios in the range 1.48-1.98, and absolute reactor pressures in the range 1-6 bar, the nominal reactor temperature was between 1009 and 1273 °C yielding high-quality syngas with a carbon conversion up to 94% within residence times of less than 5
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