The horsechestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) is one of the most popular shade trees in central Europe. Although it was introduced only 400 years ago from southeast Europe, at least 20,000 horsechestnuts grow in Vienna and its environs. The horsechestnut was a tree species with few health problems (e.g., Guignardia aesculi Ascomycetes) until the leafminer Cameraria ohridella was imported—first to Macedonia and later on to central Europe. The origin, biology, damage, population dynamics, natural limitation factors, economic impact, management options, and control of C. ohridella are discussed.
Oak decline has been reported periodically in Europe. In most cases it has been caused by a complex of abiotic and biotic factors. At present it is decreasing in Austria and in many other European countries. The most recent oak decline differs from former oak decline problems mainly because of its enormous extent, which reaches from England in the west to the Ukraine in the east and from Sweden in the north to Italy in the south and affects a high percentage of natural white oak stands.
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