The continuously increasing complexity of modern and sustainable power and energy systems leads to a wide range of solutions developed by industry and academia. To manage such complex system-of-systems, proper engineering and validation approaches, methods, concepts, and corresponding tools are necessary. The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM), an approach that has been developed during the last couple of years, provides a very good and structured basis for the design, development, and validation of new solutions and technologies. This review therefore provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art and related work for the theory, distribution, and use of the aforementioned architectural concept. The article itself provides an overview of the overall method and introduces the theoretical fundamentals behind this approach. Its usage is demonstrated in several European and national research and development projects. Finally, an outlook about future trends, potential adaptations, and extensions is provided as well.

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Abstract-The complexity of today's power systems is continuously increasing due to the paradigm shift towards Smart Grids. This leads to a large number of use cases that need to be covered by holistic future energy systems of which power grids are just one subsystem. However, providing information about those use cases in a structured way in order to obtain a common basis for information exchange has often not been considered in the past. Covering this gap has led to the development of use case templates in the IEC and the Smart Grid Architecture Model in the EU Mandate M/490. Furthermore, regarding the usability of these two approaches, the SGAM Toolbox and the Use Case Management Repository have been developed as appropriate tool support. In this paper, a third component for visual analysis purposes is introduced. The overall goal of the approach proposed in this paper is to integrate these three components into a comprehensive toolchain that supports the whole process from use case development to visualization in compliance to the findings of EU Mandate M/490.

Abstract-The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) is widely used for modelling, requirements engineering and gap analysis. In this paper, a formal method for engineering security requirements with SGAM is proposed. Asset security classes, risks and vulnerabilities are modelled formally and a method for deducing security requirements from these entities in the context of an SGAM model is developed. A reference implementation of this method is presented, which allows the automated extraction of security requirements from SGAM models. This set of requirements can serve as an initial starting point for a thorough security analysis. Experience from practical application demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed approach.

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Abstract-Privacy has become a critical topic in the engineering of electric systems. This work proposes an approach for smart-grid-specific privacy requirements engineering by extending previous general privacy requirements engineering frameworks. The proposed extension goes one step further by focusing on privacy in the smart grid. An alignment of smart grid privacy requirements, dependability issues and privacy requirements engineering methods is presented. Starting from this alignment a Threat Tree Analysis is performed to obtain a first set of generic, high level privacy requirements. This set is formulated mostly on the data instead of the information level and provides the basis for further project-specific refinement.

Abstract:The development of Smart Grid systems has proven to be a challenging task. Besides the inherent technical complexity, the involvement of different stakeholders from different disciplines is a major challenge. In order to maintain the strict security requirements, holistic systems engineering concepts and reference architectures are required that enable the integration, maintenance and evaluation of Smart Grid security. In this paper, a conceptual approach is presented on how to enable the integration of security by design in the development of Smart Grid Systems. A major cornerstone of this approach is the development of a domain-specific and standards-based modelling language on basis of the M/490 Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM). Furthermore, this modelling approach is utilized to develop a reference architecture model on basis of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Logical Reference Model (LRM) with its integrated security concepts. The availability of a standards-based reference architecture model enables the instantiation of particular solutions with a profound basis for security. Moreover, it is demonstrated how such architecture models can be utilized to gain insights into potential security implications and furthermore can serve as a basis for implementation.

Emerging technologies in the industrial area lead to continuously increased complexity concerning systems development. Varying approaches dealing with the same problem generate a number of heterogeneous solutions instead of concentrating on a mutual toolset in order to provide a common basis. Having recognized this problem, the German industry introduced the Reference Architecture Model for Industry 4.0 (RAMI 4.0), proposed in the standardized technical specification DIN SPEC 91345. Providing a three-dimensional model on how to structure industrial systems, the starting point for the discussion on how to deal with the upcoming complexity has been set. However, due to the current state of research, only the frame to work in has been specified. In this paper the idea of following an approach based on Model-Driven-Architecture (MDA) in order to develop future industrial systems is introduced. To achieve this, firstly the concepts of RAMI 4.0 are analyzed and a detailed description regarding their applicability for developing specific architectures is given. The approach itself and its application are demonstrated by a real-world case study, which is created with the help of the RAMI Toolbox.Index Terms-Model driven architecture (MDA), RAMI 4.0, systems engineering, process modeling.