A large number of models are now available for the investigation of skin wound healing. These can be used to study the processes that take place in a phase-specific manner under both physiological and pathological conditions. Most models focus on wound closure, which is a crucial parameter for wound healing. However, vascular supply plays an equally important role and corresponding models for selective or parallel investigation of microcirculation regeneration and angiogenesis are also described. In this review article, we therefore focus on the different levels of investigation of skin wound healing (in vivo to in virtuo) and the investigation of angiogenesis and its parameters.

Wound healing of the skin is a very complex biological activity. For a better understanding, an attempt is made to describe and subdivide the different players (cell types and signaling molecules), patterns (different regeneration or repair mechanisms) and processes (division of the overall process into categories, phases and steps). However, this is always based on different points of view. On the one hand, the temporality of the phases, and on the other hand, the dominant activity in each step can play a role. In addition, classifications according to wound theory and wound treatment are possible. This article aims to shed more light on the various classifications of skin wound healing and presents the underlying paradigms starting from simple approaches and ending with more detailed concepts.

Structural and organizational characteristics of care units, which in turn have implications for residents characteristics and the quality of care, may influence the QoL of residents. This may explain the interaction we observed.

Background:The phenomena of severe agitation is not well understood and often not adequately treated.Objective:This article determines the prevalence and associated factors of severe agitation in nursing home residents with dementia.Methods:Secondary data analysis within an observational study in German nursing homes with n = 1,967 participants. We assessed severity of agitation with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q) and defined the construct of agitation as a composite score of the NPI-Q items agitation/aggression, disinhibition, and irritability/lability; the dependent variable of severe agitation was considered as being present in residents who scored ‘severe’ in at least one of these symptoms. A binary logistic regression model was calculated to estimate associations.Results:The prevalence of severe agitation was 6.3% (n = 124). The strongest associations were found for elation/euphoria (OR 7.6, CI 3.1–18.5), delusions (OR 7.3, CI 4.0–13.2), apathy/indifference (OR 2.8, CI 1.7–4.7), anxiety (OR 2.2, CI 1.2–3.8), nighttime behaviors (OR 2.4, CI 1.4–4.2), motor disturbances (OR 2.4, CI 1.4–4.1), and male sex (OR 2.4. CI 1.3–4.2).Conclusion:Severe agitation in nursing home residents with dementia is a relevant clinical issue as approximately 70% of residents have a dementia. Residents with elation/euphoria and delusions may have a stronger risk of showing severe agitation. We consider delusions as a possible cause of agitation and therefore a prelude to agitation. Although it might be possible that elation/euphoria follows from agitation, we hypothesize that the residents first experience elation/ euphoria and exhibit agitation afterwards.