Résumé. MedFilm est un projet enseignement-recherche par et sur le film « utilitaire » médical et sanitaire. Le film « utilitaire » peut être défini ici sommairement comme produit pour une finalité spécifique et pragmatique différente du divertissement ou de l'expression artistique. Les enseignements proposés basés sur des sources audiovisuelles utilisées comme ressources pédagogiques entendent mobiliser ces dernières comme des « outils pédagogiques transitionnels », à savoir des documents référents, jouant un rôle de tiers, qui permettent d'ouvrir la séquence pédagogique à une réflexion partagée. Pour élargir le regard des étudiants et les sensibiliser aux enjeux des sciences et des techniques dans nos sociétés contemporaines, ces ressources témoignent de politiques de santé, évoquent les représentations de la nature d'une maladie, les modalités de prévention et de soins qu'il convient d'analyser à travers un détour par le film utilitaire historique. En réponse aux besoins des enseignements, le projet de recherche MedFilm, concernant le repérage et l'analyse systématique des films utilitaires médicaux et sanitaires français entre 1895 et 1960, a élaboré la plate-forme numérique d'enseignement et de recherche MedFilm. Aaccessible en ligne, elle héberge à la fois un corpus de films documentaires sanitaires et médicaux, leur analyse sous forme de fiches individuelles, ainsi que des documents annexes afin de les rendre accessibles pour la formation et la recherche dans le domaine des SHS en milieu scientifique.Abstract. MedFilm is a research and teaching project with and about medical and health related utility film. Utility film may be defined for our purpose as film produced for reasons other than entertainment or as art work. It pursues specific and pragmatic sponsor's goals. Teaching with audio-visuals uses these resources as transitional tools for instruction. They become reference documents, used as independent propositions, opening a teaching session that aims at collaborative analysis and mutually elaborated understanding. To widen student's horizon and point of view and to foster their receptiveness to challenges of better understanding science and technology in our contemporary societies, these audiovisuals portray health policies and politics, evoke representations of nature and disease, present practices of prevention and cure that can be analyzed through the detour with historical health related utility film. Working towards teaching with film, the research project MedFilm is concerned with the identification and the systematic analysis of medical and health related utility films in France between 1895 and 1960. The project has produced a e-mail : bonah@unistra.fr b e-mail : danet@unistra.fr This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Article available at http://www.shs-conferences.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsc...
In 1930, the large-scale introduction of the BCG vaccination in the city of Lübeck in northern Germany led to a major scandal that focused public attention on medical experimentation with human beings as well as reviving criticism of the medical profession that had been voiced before. The trial following the catastrophe raised the first clearly identifiable public discussions on medical ethics in Europe, and led to the establishment of the first regulations for medical research on human beings in the western hemisphere; the German 'Richtlinien' of 1931. In 1935, Ludwik Fleck (1896-1961) published a now classic monograph entitled Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. The central hypothesis of this article is that, when Fleck published his book four years after the Lübeck trial, he was proposing answers to questions raised, at least partially, by the Lübeck case, although he never explicitly mentions it. Most interestingly, Fleck proposed a different approach to the fundamental dilemma of modern experimental medicine, the potential opposition between an individual's well-being, and the production and application of scientific knowledge in medicine. Where the standard answer to these questions has, since the 1930s, become moral reasoning and ethical regulation, known today as bioethics, Fleck portrays a different approach that could be characterized as the attempt to foster a deeper and more democratic understanding of science through an examination of its intimate functioning.
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