A phylogenetic analysis is provided for representatives of more than one hundred species of the catfish family Loricariidae, including nearly all genera of the subfamilies Neoplecostominae and Hypoptopomatinae. This analysis is based on fragments of the subunit 1 of the cytochrome c oxidase gene (COI), the recombination activating genes 1 (RAG1) and 2 (RAG2), and the F-Reticulon 4 gene. We obtained an alignment of 4678 contiguous nucleotides for 136 species of 50 loricariid genera from five loricariid subfamilies, and ten outgroup species from five loricarioid families. Our results from Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian analyses show the following set of interrelationships ((((Hypoptopomatinae, Neoplecostominae) Hypostominae), Loricariinae) Delturinae). However, neither Hypoptopomatinae nor Neoplecostominae were recovered as monophyletic groups. A previously hypothesized monophyly of Hypoptopomatini and Otothyrini was refuted. Furthermore, the genera Pareiorhaphis, Pareiorhina, Hisonotus and Parotocinclus were recovered as polyphyletic.
Composite lymphoma is the rare simultaneous manifestation of two distinct lymphomas. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has a propensity for occurring in composite lymphomas, a phenomenon that remains to be elucidated. We applied cytogenetics, droplet digital polymerase chain reaction, and massively parallel sequencing to analyze longitudinally a patient with CLL, who 3 years later showed transformation to a hairy cell leukemia‐variant (HCL‐V). Outgrowth of the IGHV4‐34‐positive HCL‐V clone at the expense of the initially dominant CLL clone with trisomy 12 and MED12 mutation started before CLL‐guided treatment and was accompanied by a TP53 mutation, which was already detectable at diagnosis of CLL. Furthermore, deep sequencing of IGH showed a composite lymphoma with presence of both disease components at all analyzed timepoints (down to a minor clone: major clone ratio of ~1:1000). Overall, our analyses showed a disease course that resembled clonal dynamics reported for malignancies with intratumoral heterogeneity and illustrate the utility of deep sequencing of IGH to detect distinct clonal populations at diagnosis, monitor clonal response to therapy, and possibly improve clinical outcomes.
The genus Ixinandria was described in 1979 to include I. steinbachi from the upper río Juramento in northern Argentina and I. montebelloi from the upper río Bermejo in southern Bolivia. We used a multivariate morphometric analysis (Principal Components Analysis) and a molecular comparison of the Cytochrome Oxidase I gene to investigate variation among distinct populations from the known distribution range of both species. We conclude that the populations are not significantly distinct and do not deserve separate species recognition, and we place I. montebelloi in the synonymy of I. steinbachi.O gênero Ixinandria foi descrito em 1979 para incluir I. steinbachi do alto rio Juramento no norte da Argentina e I. montebelloi do alto rio Bermejo no sul da Bolívia. Utilizamos análise morfométrica multivarida (Análise de Componentes Principais) e uma comparação molecular do gene Citocromo Oxidase I para investigar a variação entre populações distintas da área de distribuição de ambas as espécies. Concluímos que as populações não são significativamente distintas e não merecem reconhecimento como espécies separadas, e colocamos Ixinandria montebelloi na sinonímia de I. steinbachi.
The rio Madeira is the largest white-water tributary of the Amazon, and is currently the river drainage with the highest fish species diversity in the world. A new species of Panaqolus was recognized from the middle Madeira and Mamoré rivers (Brazil) and from the Madre de Dios drainage (Peru) and it is described herein. This new species is readily distinguished from its congeners by the large number of white dots distributed all over the body and by its remarkable amplitude of color pattern variation, ranging from a pale, light brown, to dark brown and almost black background coloration. The new species closely resembles P. albomaculatus but has more and smaller dots on the body, a smaller orbital diameter (12.5-16.8% head length vs. 16.0-20.0%) and longer maxillary barbels (9.7-19.6% head length vs. 1.6-8.9%). The new species is the second of the genus Panaqolus described for a Brazilian location after nearly 80 years of the description of P. purusiensis.O rio Madeira é o maior afluente de água branca do rio Amazonas e é atualmente o rio com o maior número de espécies do mundo. Uma nova espécie de Panaqolus foi reconhecida do médio rio Madeira, do rio Mamoré (ambos no Brasil) e da bacia do Río Madre de Dios (Peru) e é descrita aqui. Esta nova espécie se distingue de suas congêneres pela grande quantidade de pontos brancos espalhados pelo corpo e grande variabilidade na sua coloração, variando de um fundo branco a marrom claro até marrom escuro e quase preto. A espécie se assemelha a P. albomaculatus da qual se distingue por ter mais manchas de menor tamanho no corpo, olhos menores (12,5-16,8% do comprimento da cabeça vs. 16,0-20,0%) e barbilhões maxilares mais compridos (9,7-19,6% comprimento da cabeça vs. 1,6-8,9%). A nova espécie é a segunda de Panaqolus descrita para uma localidade no Brasil, aproximadamente 80 anos após a descrição de P. purusiensis.
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