The high consumption of fossil fuels has significant environmental implications. An alternative to reduce the use of fossil fuels and develop ecological and economic processes is the bio-refinery approach. In the present study, the authors present the production of biodiesel from castor plants through a biorefinery approach. The process includes sub-processes associated with the integral use of castor plants, such as biodiesel production, oil extraction, fertilizer, and solid biomass production. Economic analyses show that producing only biodiesel is not feasible, but economic indicators (NPV, IRR, and profitability index) show it is much more feasible to establish businesses for the valorization of products and subproducts of castor plants, such as biomass densification. The internal rate return for the second scenario (E2) was 568%, whereas, for the first scenario (E1), it was not possible to obtain a return on investment.
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Nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.) cladode has garnered great interest recently in the area of agro-energy as emerging biomass due to its sustainable production. The objective of this study was to compare the biochemical methane potential of different nopal cultivars in co-digestion with cow manure. For this purpose, two different nopal cladodes: cow manure proportions (75:25 and 82:18) and three different cultivars (Atlixco, Copena V1, and Milpa Alta) were evaluated. The results indicated that the treatments with higher biochemical methane potential (mL CH4 g-1 VSfed) were Milpa Alta 75:25 (71.4), Copena V1 75:25 (66.5), Milpa Alta 82:18 (64.6), and Copena V1 82:18 (59.0), which showed no statistical difference (P>0.05) between them, whereas the Atlixco treatments (75:25 and 82:18) had the lowest (P<0.05) values (52.8 and 41.5, respectively). The results suggest that the cow manure proportion and nopal cultivar used in a co-digestion system may influence its biochemical methane potential.
Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic materials has several environmental and economic advantages. In this work, corn cob was used to produce ethanol by fermentation. The cob was grounded, hydrolyzed chemically, and then enzymatically. Later, hydrolysates were used as a carbon source to formulate culture media that were inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae; hollocellulose content was quantified by the ASTM D-1104 method; cellulose content by the TAPPTI 212 method; lignin content by the NREL / TP-510-42618 method; and ethanol was quantified by HPLC. In fermentation, bioethanol yields of up to 3.5 g / L were found, equivalent to YP/S value of 0.46, representing approximately 90% of the theoretical yield.
During cheese production, a high volume of cheese whey are obtained (Gómez et al., 2019; Álvarez-Delgado and Otero-Rambla 2020). Cheese whey is rich in proteins of high nutritional value, such as β-lactoglobulins, α-lactalbumins, glycomacropeptides, immunoglobulins and protease-peptone (Krissansen, 2013; Wijayanti et al., 2014). Around 50% of the cheese whey produce around world have does not receive some type of treatment. Small and medium producers cannot acquire any technology to add value to this waste (Tavares y Malcata, 2016). Different investigations about exploitation of cheese whey have been developed. Cheese whey can be use in the biofuels production, such as ethanol, butanol, glycerol, methane, hydrogen, mainly. Besides, cheese whey has commercial value by the content of short chain fatty acids (Bourda et al., 2017; Ramos y Silva, 2017). In the present study, two types of pretreatment in cheese whey were evaluated (thermal and chemical deproteinized). The thermal treatments obtained higher yields in ethanol production (25.28 g per liter of cheese whey), in ferementation with Kluyveromyces marxianus. In the case of acid cheese whey without pretreatment, we obtained 22.12 g of ethanol per liter of cheese whey. In the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, better yields were obtained in the thermal deproteinized pretreatment (18.96 g per liter of cheese whey).
The cheese industry produces a large amount of waste, the equivalent of 9L of cheese whey for every 10L of milk (Murari et al., 2018; Pendon et al., 2021; Sar et al., 2021). Whey is composed by lactose and proteins, mainly (Murari et al., 2018; Murari et al., 2019; Tesfaw et al., 2021). In most cases, cheese whey had not added value or specific use, being discarded and causing very important environmental implications (Maruri et al., 2018; Tesfaw et al., 2021; Sar et al., 2021). In the present study, the production of bioethanol from cheese whey were analyzed, using Kluyveromyces marxianus as inoculum, under continuous culture conditions (28°C, agitation at 100 rpm, aeration at 1 vvm, feed at 8.63 mL/min), where it was established that is possible to obtain yields of 0.62 g of ethanol per g of lactose in the first 18 h, this makes it feasible for the continuous production of ethanol with cheese whey with minimal pretreatment.
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