What issues matter when people judge whether it is morally objectionable for healthy people to use cognitive-enhancing (CE) drugs? Two studies surveyed university students regarding the following concerns: Health, competitive fairness, distributive fairness, peer pressure, naturalness and dosage form. Participants condemned CE drug use when there were long-term negative effects on health, and when CE drug use was seen to provide an unfair advantage to someone in an exam situation while others were not taking the drugs. Further, participants judged CE drug use more harshly if the drugs were artificial rather than natural, and if they were in the form of an injection rather than a pill, suggesting that moral intuitions relating to purity also influence opinions on CE drugs. Our results shed light on perceptions of CE drug use in a segment of the public -students in a highly competitive university context -that has much to gain or lose from changes in CE drug use policy.Footnotes 1 For the remainder of this paper, "CE drugs" and "CE drug use" refer to "CE drug use by healthy individuals." 2 We use the term "dosage form" to refer to both dosage form and route of administration.

The expansion of surfing as a multibillion‐dollar industry and sport has, on the one hand, increased awareness about threats posed to marine and coastal environments, but has also brought growing acknowledgement of the environmental, cultural and economic value that surfing provides. This has been accompanied by a growing movement of surfers and related stakeholders (e.g. communities and manufacturers that rely on the surf tourism and industry for income) that seek to protect surf breaks. This paper argues that certain emblematic surf breaks should be protected not only for their value to surfers, but also for the ecosystem services they provide and other benefits for marine conservation. Through a series of case studies from Peru, Chile and the USA, the paper discusses how, in areas where there is significant biodiversity or iconic seascapes, surf breaks can be integrated with marine conservation. Suggestions are given regarding the International Union for Conservation of Nature categories of protected areas that are most appropriate for such cases. The paper also explores how, in certain cases, several existing surf‐break protection mechanisms could qualify as other effective area‐based conservation measures, including Chile's proposed TURF–surf model, the international World Surfing Reserves, and Peru's Ley de Rompientes. In this way, certain surf‐break protection mechanisms could help contribute to countries' progress towards achieving the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11. Overall benefits of marine conservation groups and surfers joining forces are discussed, including how this can help reduce negative impacts of the sport on natural ecosystems.

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