NGOs face many types of pressures that limit and influence their activities. While in many studies these pressures and the causes and agendas behind them have been the focus of analysis, this paper provides a framework that can give insight into the ways in which the pressures play out in diverse contexts and affect different NGOs in distinct ways. It develops an analytical model that combines the local political context, the specific mix of policies and actions that restrict NGOs, and the characteristics and functions of NGOs themselves.Le rétrécissement de l'espace opérationnel des ONG -un cadre d'analyse Les ONG se heurtent à de nombreux types de pressions qui limitent et influencent leurs activités. Si, dans de nombreuses études, ces pressions, ainsi que les causes et les ordres du jour qui les étayent, ont constitué l'axe central de l'analyse, cet article propose un cadre qui peut donner un aperçu des manières dont ces pressions se manifestent dans des contextes divers et ont une incidence distincte sur différentes ONG. Il élabore un modèle analytique qui conjugue le contexte politique local, la combinaison particulière de politiques et d'actions qui limitent les ONG et les caractéristiques et fonctions des ONG elles-mêmes.Reduzindo o espaço operacional das ONGs -uma estrutura de análise As ONGs enfrentam muitos tipos de pressão que limitam e influenciam suas atividades. Embora em muitos estudos estas pressões, assim como as causas e as agendas que estão por trás delas, sejam o foco da análise, este artigo oferece uma estrutura que pode proporcionar ideias sobre as formas como as pressões acontecem em contextos diferentes e afetam ONGs diferentes de formas distintas. Ele desenvolve um modelo analítico que combina o contexto político local, o conjunto específico de políticas e ações que restringem as ONGs e as características e funções das próprias ONGs.La pérdida de capacidad de acción de las ONG: un marco analítico Las ONG enfrentan muchas clases de presiones que limitan sus actividades o influyen en ellas. Si bien estas presiones, así como las causas y motivos que se encuentran detrás, han sido el centro de muchas investigaciones, este ensayo propone un marco para comprender las formas en que se ejercen las presiones en diversos contextos y cómo éstas afectan a las ONG de diferentes maneras. El ensayo describe un modelo analítico que combina el contexto político local, el conjunto de políticas y acciones que limitan a las ONG, y las características y funciones de las mismas ONG.
Non-governmental public action (NGPA) by and for disadvantaged and marginalized people has become increasingly significant over the past two decades. This new book series is designed to make a fresh and original contribution to the understanding of NGPA. It presents the findings of innovative and policy-relevant research carried out by established and new scholars working in collaboration with researchers across the world. The series is international in scope and includes both theoretical and empirical work.The series marks a departure from previous studies in this area in at least two important respects. First, it goes beyond a singular focus on developmental NGOs or the voluntary sector to include a range of non-governmental public actors such as advocacy networks, campaigns and coalitions, trades unions, peace groups, rights-based groups, cooperatives and social movements. Second, the series is innovative in stimulating a new approach to international comparative research that promotes comparison of the so-called developing world with the so-called developed world, thereby querying the conceptual utility and relevance of categories such as North and South.
This article analyses the gang policies of the first years of the Funes administration in El Salvador, from June 2009 until June 2012. Using securitization theory it explains why the administration returned to an emphasis on repressive measures to deal with gangs. It argues that these measures were the product of an on-going and dynamic process, in which the government was but one of the players in a complex field constituted by numerous actors. The return to repressive measures as well as the support and facilitation of a 'gang truce' were not the result of a rational design or a predetermined agenda, but should be seen as a series of moves in a political conjuncture, in which the Salvadoran government needed to communicate to different audiences messages of being in control. Acknowledgements.The authors would like to thank Edgardo Amaya and three anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions. This article uses findings from various research projects that were funded by the Focus & Massa programma of Utrecht University, the Dutch Foundation for Scientific Research (NWO) and by a grant to Wim Savenije from the Latin American Drugs, Security and Democracy Fellowship Program administered by the Social Science Research Council and the Universidad de Los Andes in cooperation with and with funds provided by the Open Society Foundations. 2 IntroductionYears after the region's civil wars ended, Central America continues to have extremely high levels of social violence. The phenomenon causing most fear and demanding most attention from the regional governments, the media and the general public is that of street gangs, especially in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. The usual response of authorities to insecurity in these countries has been to resort to repressive measures, including deployment of the military and toughening of legislation.1 In the same trend, the policies directed at the gangs have mostly been highly mediatised, zero-tolerance measures, labelled manodurismo approaches. Under these approaches the military has assumed public security tasks and special anti-gang legislation has been adopted. 2 These policies are rarely complemented by more preventive measures and do not appear to be successful, as gang membership and levels of gang-related violence continue to rise. 3The main critique of the mano-durismo approaches to public security is that they do not take into account underlying causes of the gang problem, and that
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