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Three groups of golden-bellied mangabeys were studied to determine the effects of visitors and cage changes on their aggressive displays, grooming and sexual behavior, and play. Assessments of changes in behavior were made by comparing categorized observer comments. Animals moved to cages having more visitors increased their aggressive displays toward people, decreased their aggressive displays toward other species in neighboring cages, and increased their withingroup aggression. On the other hand, grooming, sexual behavior, and play increased after cage changes regardless of numbers of visitors. The view that it is the puttern of behavior changes in enrichment that is important in assessment of attempted enrichment was supported. Aggressive and affiliative behaviors are affected quite differently by different environmental stimuli in the zoo.

ABSTRACT. The facial threats of ten captive golden-bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus chrysogaster) were categorized by object threatened. Adult males threatened more than did females except when the object was a nonhuman primate in a neighboring eage. Juvenile mangabeys threatened mainly in play within their own enclosures. Keepers and observers did not differ in frequency of being threatened by the mangabeys. Adult female mangabeys seemed more concerned with neighboring cages of nonhuman primates than were the juveniles and the males. Human visitors to the enclosures received by far the most threats of any targets, certainly far more than the observers and keepers. They were treated like interlopers. Keepers were treated like familiar conspecifics, observers like familiar neighbors. The implications of these findings for captive management of primates and for observational methods in behavioral primatology are discussed.