Glucoraphasatin, the primary glucosinolate in radishes, is metabolized into an isothiocyanate (raphasatin) that has biological activity but is also unstable in an aqueous environment. Despite the instability of raphasatin, dietary exposure to radishes produced significant induction of detoxification enzymes. Understanding the chemical properties of raphasatin, both in terms of biological activity and instability, could help develop processing methods to retain the most activity from radishes, glucoraphasatin, and raphasatin.
Dietary microRNAs (miRNAs), notably those found in milk, are currently being investigated for their potential to elicit biological effects via canonical binding to human messenger RNA targets once ingested. Besides milk, beef and other bovine tissue-derived ingredients could also be a relevant source of potentially bioactive dietary miRNAs. In this study, we characterized the human homologous miRNA profiles in food-grade, bovine-sourced sirloin, heart and adrenal tissue (raw, cooked, and pasteurized, freeze-dried extracts) via deep-sequencing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). A total of 198 human homologous miRNAs were detected at 10 or more normalized reads in all replicates (n = 3) of at least one preparation method. Tissue origin rather than preparation method was the major differentiating factor of miRNA profiles, and adrenal-based miRNA profiles were the most distinct. The ten most prevalent miRNAs in each tissue represented 71–93% of the total normalized counts for all annotated miRNAs. In cooked sirloin, the most abundant miRNAs were miR-10b-5p, (48.8% of total annotated miRNA reads) along with the muscle-specific miR-1 (24.1%) and miR-206 (4.8%). In dried heart extracts, miR-1 (17.0%), miR-100-5p (16.1%) and miR-99a-5p (11.0%) gave the highest normalized read counts. In dried adrenal extracts, miR-10b-5p (71.2%) was the most prominent followed by miR-143-3p (7.1%) and 146b-5p (3.7%). Sequencing results for five detected and two undetected miRNAs were successfully validated by RT-qPCR. We conclude that edible, bovine tissues contain unique profiles of human homologous dietary miRNAs that survive heat-based preparation methods.
BackgroundCongaplex® and Immuplex® are dietary supplements that have been traditionally used to support immune system function. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether Congaplex® and Immuplex® affect immune function using primary and immortalized T lymphocytes.MethodsImmortalized CEM and Jurkat T lymphocytes and primary peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMCs) were treated with the aqueous extracts from Congaplex® and Immuplex® to determine the effects of these products on cytokine production in activated T lymphocytes.ResultsCongaplex® enhanced phytohemagglutinin/phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PHA/PMA) stimulation of both CEM and Jurkat cells as measured by the production of cytokines, while Immuplex® suppressed PHA/PMA-induced production of cytokines, with the exception of interleukin (IL)-8 which was enhanced by Immuplex®. In vitro treatment of PBMCs from 10 healthy donors with Congaplex® or Immuplex® decreased PHA-stimulated production of interferon (IFN)-γ but increased the production of IL-13.ConclusionsWhile the effects of Congaplex® and Immuplex® differed in these two models, these data demonstrate that the aqueous extracts from these two dietary supplements can affect the inflammatory response of T lymphocytes.
Sample preparation for the determination of vitamin D typically involves saponification and/or liquid/liquid solvent extraction. Cod liver oil has substantial amounts of vitamin D and has a traditional use as a vitamin D supplement, however, its oily sample matrix creates difficulty in extraction and remaining lipid residues limit UV detection. Conventional quantification requires two HPLC columns and runs (normal phase preparative and reverse phase analytical) or recently expensive mass spectrometers to measure vitamin D. Here we describe a method using normal and reverse phase SPE to achieve good cleanup of residual lipids. The complete serving size of eight commercially available cod liver oil supplements were prepared using a 2g NH2 SPE column followed by 500mg C‐18 column before analytical quantification. Using this method, a limit of detection of 20IU/serving was achieved.This method provides a simpler alternative for vitamin D detection in cod liver oil samples using SPE and a single HPLC run with UV detection and may have additional use in the quantification vitamin A and tocopherols.
Vitamin D2, or ergocalciferol, is a fungal source of vitamin D suitable as a dietary supplement for vegans. Spent brewer's yeast is an inexpensive by‐product of the brewing industry which may be used as a starting raw material for the enrichment of D2 from the precursor ergosterol. Dried brewer's yeast was reconstituted in water and stirred during exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) for an optimized period of time to convert ergosterol to ergocalciferol. After freeze drying, the D2 enriched yeast was mixed with rice hulls and wheat germ oil for SFE extraction of D2. The SFE parameters consisted of an extraction temperature of 40°C, a solvent to feed of 75 (g CO2/g material), and a flow rate of 75 g/min in a 4L extraction vessel. 100 g of material was extracted and separated in a two stage separator (separator 1, 1500 psi, 40°C; separator 2, 750 psi, 40°C). The extraction pressure was experimentally varied (3000, 6000, and 9000 psi) to understand extraction efficiency from the yeast matrix. UV treatment of brewer's yeast led to a D2 enhancement from non‐detectable levels to 3.8 mg/g (152,000 IU/g). The percentage of D2 extracted from the yeast at the extraction pressure of 3000, 6000, and 9000 psi was 55, 35, and 31% of the starting concentration respectively. The D2 concentration was 1.5 fold higher in separator #2 compared to separator #1. SFE extraction of vitamin D2 from UV enhanced yeast is more efficient at lower extraction pressures.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.