This paper examines recent changes in the relationship between the Canadian state, at both federal and provincial levels, and those non-profit organizations concerned with social welfare. The 1995 federal budget marked a turning point for Canadian non-profit organizations as the federal transfer payments to the provinces were simultaneously restructured and reduced. This, in turn, meant that provincial funds flowing to non-profit organizations would also be cut, or terminated, and restructured as service contracts continued to replace grants. This followed a review of government funding to non-profit agencies initiated the previous year and came on top of a growing critique of non-profits as unaccountable, unrepresentative, professionalized, "special-interest" groups, who used public funds largely to sustain themselves, and pursued causes that should not be subsidized by government. At the same time non-profit organizations were increasingly expected to provide core social welfare services not only on the basis of "more for less" but also through charging for their services and increased corporate and individual fund-raising. All of these events took place in the context of the election to government, in 1993, of the Liberal Party, that had previously been strongly identified with the advance of a Canadian social agenda but now chose to adopt its conservative predecessor's deficit reduction strategy through public expenditure cuts. For many Canadian commentators, such events have thrown non-profit organizations into crisis and during the past two years there have been attempts to bring together the diverse interests within the sector and build a stronger sense of identity and voice. However, there is also a strong argument to suggest that the vulnerability of such non-profit organizations has resulted, in part, from their over-dependence on government during the previous twenty-five years and the absence of a strong popular base. This paper explores the changing relationships between the Canadian state and nonprofit organizations, and highlights what could be very similar dilemmas for their UK counterparts as government increasingly looks to non-profits to fulfil what has during the postwar period been its service-providing role.
Binary diastereomeric (-) (1R,2S)-ephedrine salts of various mandelic acids obtained from 95% ethanol show considerable differences in solubility. Structures and some properties of the less-soluble (L) and more-soluble (M) solid phases of (-)-ephedrine with unsubstituted mandelic acid, 2-, 3-, and 4-monosubstituted halo (F, Cl, Br) mandelic acids, and 3- and 4-methylmandelic acids have been determined. Salts were found to be binary, without solvent of crystallization, and composed of double-layered arrays of alternating anions and cations linked by H-bonds normal to the layers. H-bonding links charged donors and acceptors usually along a crystallographic 2-fold screw axis. A striking discrimination is evident in that the (2R)-mandelate salts typically display a compact four-atom chain as the H-bonding repeating unit [+N--H...O(-C(-)--O)...H-N', C2(1)(4)] while the (2S)-mandelate salts adopt a more dimensionally variable six-atom chain repeating unit [+N--H...O--C(-)--O...H--N', C2(2)(6)]. Two distinct packing schemes display the shorter H-bonding chain of the (2R)-mandelates which always occurs with ephedrinium ions in the fully extended conformation. Slightly greater packing efficiency and H-bonding energies of the (2R)-mandelate salts correlates with increased fusion points, lower solubilities (95% ethanol), and higher heats of fusion relative to the phase adopted by their diastereoisomers. In contrast, (2S)-mandelate salts exhibit considerably more structural variability involving all three major ephedrinium conformations, and at least four distinct packing motifs. Mandelates with larger 3'-substituents (Cl, Br, methyl) show similar property discriminations, but these occur with an opposing trend, that is, between phases in which the less-soluble salts contain (2S)-mandelates. Salts with 2-bromomandelate do not show property disparities and their structures are dissimilar to the other phases.
Structures of N-phenylmaleimide and its o-halophenyl derivatives have been determined in the solid state and show the angle between the phenyl and pyrolinyl ring planes to vary from 49.5° to 83.9° with increasing values for compounds with the larger ortho halophenyl substituents (H < F ≲ Cl ≲ Br < I). Experimental torsions and trends in the series are supported by semiempirical AM1 and ab initio SCF, DFT, and MP2 calculations. Calculations (AM1) on N-phenylmaleimide modeling the torsional deformation between the rings show that the barrier to planarity has a lower energy than that through a perpendicular conformation. In its o-halo derivatives, molecular planarity is not possible, and torsional deformation proceeds through the perpendicular conformation with diminishing, possibly vanishing, barriers with increasing halogen size. For chloro, bromo, and iodo derivatives, twisted ground-state molecular conformations reside in broad minima essentially centered around the perpendicular conformations. The unusually strong, longer wavelength electronic bands observed in the solution spectra of the series were modeled by Zindo/S CIS computations at the optimum AM1 molecular geometries. The observed lower energy (285−305 nm) band for the parent through the o-bromo derivative appears to arise from a {n ⊥ (O,N); π (phenyl)} → π*(maleimide) transition. The next higher energy (250−285 nm) band appears to be essentially a phenyl π → π* transition. In the o-iodo derivative, a phenyl π → σ* (C−I) transition appears to contribute to the longer wavelength band. Trends in the observed electronic spectra in acetonitrile within the series of compounds accord roughly with the results of the computations.
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