Abstract:This review gives an overview of the societal inequalities faced by people with intellectual disabilities, before focusing specifically on challenges people face accessing the Internet. Current access will be outlined along with the societal, support and attitudinal factors that can hinder access. Discussion of carer views of Internet use by people with intellectual disabilities will be covered incorporating consideration of the tension between protection, self-determination and lifestyle issues and gaining Internet access. We will address how impairment related factors may impede access and subsequently discuss how supports may be used to obfuscate impairments and facilitate access. We will move on from this to critically describe some of the potential benefits the Internet could provide to people with intellectual disabilities, including the potential for self-expression, advocacy and developing friendships. Finally, strategies to better include people with intellectual disabilities online will be given along with future research suggestions.

Research suggests that personality dictates specific Internet preferences. One area that remains relatively unexplored is the influence of personality on engagement with social networking sites (SNSs). The current study employs a 'Uses and Gratifications' framework to investigate whether personality, age, and sex predict motivations for using SNSs. The study explores both global and specific factors of personality using Eysenck's EPQ-R short form (extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism) and Beck's SAS (sociotropy and autonomy). Principal component analysis identified ten distinct motivational components, which were then successfully predicted by individual differences through regression analyses. It is therefore suggested that individuals with different profiles vary in their motivations for using SNSs. Results support theoretical assumptions based on previous literature and personality dispositions.Key words: Individual differences, Personality, Social Networking Sites doi:10.1111/jcc4.12068 Social Networking Sites (SNSs) are characterised by three distinctive features. First, they allow individuals to create a profile within a web-based system to define their visual presence. Second, members can then add connections with other members, creating a list of associations. Finally, users are able to navigate through such associations to access a wider network (boyd & Ellison, 2007). Offering a full range of features, SNSs incorporate aspects of the social, leisure, and informational services that Hamburger and Ben-Artzi (2000) once used to define the Internet, and have revolutionised the manner in which individuals communicate and maintain social networks. It is therefore important to explore the types of motivations that individuals may have for using these sites. In turn, this may explain the popularity of such sites in comparison to previous alternatives and explicate the benefits of membership.It would be remiss to examine motivations for using SNSs without taking inspiration from the 'Uses and Gratifications' (U&G) approach. U&G theory consists of a collaboration of theories and frameworks * Accepted by previous editor Maria Bakardjieva 388Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 19 (2014) 388-402 © 2014 International Communication Association used to explain media choice, and aims to explore individuals' motivations when actively choosing particular media options or features (Katz, Blumler & Gurevitch, 1974). The approach emphasises that media users are goal-directed in their usage, seeking out specific gratifications to fulfil their individual needs. These personal needs derive from individual psychological and sociological factors. Media choice is dependent on gratification fulfilment and satisfying these needs (Rubin, 2002). In recent years the approach has been revamped to explore gratifications derived from Internet usage. For instance, LaRose and Eastin (2004) propose a modification to the U&G approach to help explain Internet engagement. Specifically, they argue that instead of gratifications one...

Photo-related activities are noticeably prevalent among social media users. On Facebook, users predominantly communicate visually and manage their self-presentation. Such online behaviours tend to mimic what would be expected of individuals' offline personalities. This study sought to address the link between Facebook users' photo-related activities and the Big Five personality traits by encoding basic Facebook visual features. Content analysis on the actual profiles (n=115) and multiple regression analyses revealed many associations as a manifestation of users' characteristics. For instance, Neuroticism and Extraversion predicted more photo uploads, Conscientiousness was predictive of more selfgenerated albums and video uploads and Agreeableness predicted the average number of received 'likes' and 'comments' on profile pictures. Additionally, the Facebook experience in interaction with the personality factors was found to be influential on the type of photorelated activity and the level of photo participation of users. The findings provide evidence that Facebook users with various personality traits set up albums and upload photos differently. Given the Uses and Gratification model, users adapt the construction of their profiles and manage their interactions to gratify their psychological needs on Facebook.

As mobile phones have evolved into Smartphones, they have become more than simple communication tools; transforming into personal assistants, entertainment devices and information gateways. There is a need to understand how this rapid transformation and complexity of Smartphone uses have impacted on users' relationship with their phones. This study presents a thematic analysis of three focus group discussions around attitudes and experiences of owning and using Smartphones. Themes that emerged included a bifurcation in attitudes to Smartphones as simultaneously materialistic objects, and ones which users express anthropomorphic and sentimental views about. Participant accounts reflected the evolution of Smartphones from functional communication devices, to informational and recreational tools. Participants discussed using Smartphones to alleviate boredom and that device usage had become habituated for some users. However, context determined Smartphone use with some participants using them to feel secure while away from familiar settings. Participant accounts provide rich insights into different Smartphones uses and infer numerous implications for understanding why some users develop strong psychological attachments to them. Findings also imply that users may not be attached to the device itself, but rather the affordances on offer. The implications of these findings, for example in the assessment of Smartphone addiction, are discussed.

Accessible summary• Both good and bad things can happen when people use the Internet, and people with learning disabilities are not using the Internet as much as other people.• Worry about the bad things that can happen online might be one reason people with learning disabilities are not supported to access the Internet as much as other people.• We wanted to find out what people without learning disabilities believe about these good and bad things for people with learning disabilities.• We wanted to find this out because the way people without disabilities think about the good and bad things online might affect how people with learning disabilities are treated.• We found out that people without learning disabilities think that both the good and bad things are more likely to happen to people with learning disabilities when they use the Internet. AbstractBackground: Information and communication technologies, with the Internet at the forefront, have the potential to enhance the knowledge, service, employment, development and social interactional opportunities available to people with intellectual disabilities. Despite this, people with intellectual disabilities are not accessing the Internet to the same degree as people without intellectual disabilities. Issues of safety, risk and protection online for people with intellectual disabilities have yet to be adequately investigated, and these currently serve as reasons given for hindering people from gaining online access. Materials and Method: This survey aimed to gauge the views people without intellectual disabilities have of risks and benefits of using the Internet for themselves and for people with intellectual disabilities and to compare self-ratings of risk and benefits to ratings for people with intellectual disabilities. Results: The survey findings indicate that, with only a small number of exceptions, both the risks and benefits of being online were believed to be greater for people with intellectual disabilities compared with those without intellectual disabilities. Greater ª