We present preliminary results from an analysis of irradiance patterns from integrating rods. A new metric is proposed to provide a more rigorous characterization of homogeneity as compared to the current ANSI standard for illumination and brightness of rectangular integrating rods used in the projector and display industry. This new metric is used in a computational ray-trace analysis to compare the relative homogenizing efficiency of integrating rods as a function of the polygon order of the cross section. Our analysis is performed for an ideal surface-emitting disk in order to yield general insight into the workings of integrating rods for common light sources, and a for full radiometric source model based on measurements of a reflectorized 100W Hg arc lamp. Simulation results indicate that a high degree of homogenization can be achieved for integrating rods with cross sections of polygon order ≤10. These results refute the commonly held belief that only integrating rods with tileable cross-sectional shapes are effective homogenizers. These results are particularly significant for optical applications in the materials processing industry.
A novel lightsource to provide the excitation radiation for fluorescence microscopy is presented and its performance is compared to the current de facto standard in the field: mercury short arc lamps. This novel light source is remote to the microscope, and the radiation is coupled to the microscope via a liquid lightguide or fibre optic cable using special coupling optics. We present measurements made on some common fluorescent microscopes that show the new light source provides for higher overall optical power delivered to the sample and provides more uniform illumination of the microscopes' field of view in comparison to the standard short arc lamps. Using the definition of the Koehler illumination rules it is shown that the inherit design of the remote source makes it resistant to many non-uniformities and misalignments commonly encountered with the short arc lamp sources; thereby providing for a consistent, uniform irradiance and intensity distribution of the entrance pupil to the microscope. The experimental method used to quantitatively measure the uniformity of the excitation radiation at the microscope's objective plane is also discussed and shown to be far more reliable than other techniques which rely upon fluorescent radiation from synthetic samples placed at the objective plane.
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