In
this paper, an oxide upconversion nanomaterial, Gd2O3:Ln3+, as an alternative counterpart of NaGdF4:Ln3+ was developed via controlled surfactant-free
synthesis, flexible lanthanide loading, compositional/size tuning,
hexagonal-to-cubic lattice refinement, and positive surface charging
to achieve a substantial enhancement of upconversion luminescence
(∼30 times upon calcination at 1000 vs 600 °C; ∼4000
times versus its hydroxide form) due to high crystallinity and extremely
low residual impurities for white emission and cellular imaging.
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