Driving with distraction or losing alertness increases the risk of the traffic accident. The emerging Internet of Things (IoT) systems for smart driving hold the promise of significantly reducing road accidents. In particular, detecting the unsafe hand motions and warning the driver using smart sensors can improve the driver's self-alertness and the driving skill. However, due to the impact of the vehicle's movement and the significant variation across different driving environments, detecting the position of the driver's hand is challenging. This paper presents SafeWatch -a system that employs commodity smartwatches and smartphones to detect the driver's unsafe behaviors in a real-time manner. SafeWatch infers driver's hand motions based on several important features such as the posture of the driver's forearm and the vibration of the smartwatch. SafeWatch employs a novel adaptive training algorithm which keeps updating the training dataset at runtime based on inferred hand positions in certain driving conditions. The evaluation with 75 real driving trips from 6 subjects shows that SafeWatch achieves over 97.0% recall and precision rates in detecting of the unsafe hand positions. CCS CONCEPTS•Human-centered computing →Ubiquitous and mobile computing;
Distracted driving causes a large number of fatalities every year and is now becoming an important issue in the traffic safety study. In this paper, we present SafeDrive, a driving safety system that leverages wearable wrist sensing techniques to detect and analyze driver distracted behaviors. Existing wrist-worn sensing approaches, however, do not address challenges under real driving environments, such as less distinguishable gesture patterns due to in-vehicle physical constraints, various gesture hallmarks produced by different drivers and significant noise introduced by various driving conditions. In response, SafeDrive adopts a semi-supervised machine learning model for in-vehicle distracting activity detection. To improve the detection accuracy, we provide online updated classifiers by collecting real-time gesture data, while at the same time utilize smartphone sensing to generate soft hints filtering out anomalies and non-distracted hand movements. In the evaluation, we conduct extensive real-road experiments involving 20 participants (10 males and 10 females) and 5 vehicles (a sedan, a minivan and three SUVs). Our approach can achieve an average classification accuracy of over 90% with a error rate of a few percent, which demonstrate that SafeDrive is robust to real driving environments, and has great potential to help drivers shape safe driving habits.
With a wealth of scientifically proven health benefits, meditation was enjoyed by about 18 million people in the U.S. alone, as of 2012. Yet, there remains a stunning lack of convenient tools for promoting long-term and effective meditation practice. In this paper, we present MindfulWatch, a practical smartwatch-based sensing system that monitors respiration in real-time during meditation -- offering essential biosignals that can potentially be used to empower various future applications such as tracking changes in breathing pattern, offering real-time guidance, and providing an accurate bio-marker for meditation research. To this end, MindfulWatch is designed to be convenient for everyday use with no training required. Operating solely on a smartwatch, MindfulWatch can immediately reach the growing population of smartwatch users, making it ideal for longitudinal data collection for meditation studies. Specifically, it utilizes motion sensors to sense the subtle “micro” wrist rotation (0.01 rad/s) induced by respiration. To accurately capture breathing, we developed a novel self-adaptive model that tracks changes in both breathing pattern and meditation posture over time. MindfulWatch was evaluated based on data from 36 real-world meditation sessions (8.7 hours, 11 subjects). The results suggest that MindfulWatch offers reliable real-time respiratory timing measurement (70% errors under 0.5 seconds).
The topology of delay-tolerant network (DTN) changes frequently. The whole network is disconnected and there exists no end-to-end path for messages. We need a kind of mechanism called store-carry-forward to overcome this fault in DTN. However, traditional end-to-end routing protocols do not meet this requirements. Researchers developed many kinds of DTN routing protocols and different routing protocol fits different application characteristics. Because of the variable application characteristics, we should choose suitable routing protocols according to application requirements. For example, if the current traffic is heavy or the size of the message is too big, we should use routing protocols with small copy number; if the transmission is emergent, we should use routing protocols with short delay. This paper proposes the concept of adaptive routing, meaning choosing routing protocols based on application characteristics in DTN. We develop an adaptive routing scheme according to particular requirements, history network information and current network conditions in network scenarios and validate that with adaptive routing scheme the network performances improve a lot in many aspects, such as delay, overhead and delivery through simulations.
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