We have performed NPT molecular dynamics simulations (Langevin Piston Method) on two types of solvated proteins-"denaturation-unfavorable" protein (insulin) and "denaturationfavorable protein" (ribonuclease A) at high pressure (from 1 bar up to 20 kbar). The method is based on the extended system formalism introduced by Andersen, where the deterministic equations of motion for the piston degree of freedom are replaced by Langevin equation. We report the structural changes of proteins (ribonuclease A and insulin) and water molecules through radius of gyration, solvent accessible surface area, hydrogen bond pattern, and the topology of water clusters connected by the hydrogen bonded circular network. The solvent accessibility of ribonuclease A is mainly decreased by hydrophilic residues rather than hydrophobic residues under high pressure. From the results of hydrogen bond analysis, we have found that a-helix is more stable than P-sheet under high pressure. In addition, from the analysis of the water cluster, we have observed that for ribonuclease A, 5-membered ring structure is more favorable than 6-membered ring at higher pressure. However, for insulin, the ratio of 5 to 6-ring is constant over the pressure ranges for which we have performed M D simulation. This indicates that the water structure around insulin does not change under high pressure.
In this paper, an active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode pixel circuit is proposed to improve the image quality of 5.87‐in. mobile displays with 1000 ppi resolution in augmented and virtual reality applications. The proposed pixel circuit consisting of three thin‐film transistors (TFTs) and two capacitors (3T2C) employs a simultaneous emission driving method to reduce the number of TFTs and the emission current error caused by variations in threshold voltage (Vth) and subthreshold slope (SS) of the low‐temperature polycrystalline silicon TFTs. Using the simultaneous emission driving method, the compensation time is increased to 90 μs from 6.5 μs achieved in the conventional six TFTs and one capacitor (6T1C) pixel circuit. Consequently, the emission current error of the proposed 3T2C pixel circuit was reduced to ±3 least significant bit (LSB) from ±12 LSB at the 32nd gray level when the variations in both the Vth and SS are ±4σ. Moreover, both the crosstalk errors due to the parasitic capacitances between the adjacent pixel circuits and due to the leakage current were achieved to be less than ±1 LSB over the entire gray level. Therefore, the proposed pixel circuit is very suitable for active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode displays requiring high image quality.
In this paper, an active-matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) pixel circuit is proposed for 1000 ppi and 5.87-inch mobile displays with augmented and virtual reality applications. The proposed pixel circuit consisting of 3 thin-film transistors (TFTs) and 2 capacitors employs a simultaneous emission driving method to reduce the number of TFTs. The simulation results of the proposed pixel circuit showed that the emission current errors caused by the threshold voltage variation of driving TFT and crosstalk error were less than ±0.4 LSB and ±1LSB, respectively, over the entire gray level. Therefore, the proposed pixel circuit is highly suitable for AMOLED displays.
We propose a behavioral circuit model to predict optical responses of an active-matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD). In order to verify our model's universality, we apply it to TN, PVA, and IPS AMLCDs. The simulation results of the transient optical responses show excellent matches with the measurement ones regardless of types of LCDs.
We propose an electrical model of a pixel in a matrix-driven LCD panel to accurately anticipate transient optical responses. We present a method to get accurate transmittance/capacitance vs. voltage data. Our model can be applied to find overdrive values to improve response characteristics.
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