Arcobacter butzleri is an emerging zoonotic food-borne and water-borne pathogen that can cause diarrhea in humans. The global prevalence of A. butzleri infection is underestimated, and little is known about their phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility (AST) profiles, detect related virulence genes, and classify sequence type (ST) of A. butzleri isolates obtained from human stool and food samples. A total of 84 A. butzleri isolates were obtained from human diarrheal (n = 25), non-diarrheal (n = 24) stool, and food (n = 35) samples in Thailand. They were evaluated for phenotypic identification by conventional microbiological procedures and AST by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as well as virulence genes detection. Representative isolates from each origin were selected based on the presence of virulence genes and AST profiles to analyze genetic diversity by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). All isolates showed resistance to nalidixic acid 40.5% (34/84), ciprofloxacin 11.9% (10/84), azithromycin 8.3% (7/84), and erythromycin 3.6% (3/84). Regarding the ten virulence genes detected, cj1349, mviN and pldA had the highest prevalence 100% (84/84), followed by tlyA 98.8% (83/84), cadF 97.6% (82/84), ciaB 71.4% (60/84), hecA and hecB 22.6% (19/84), iroE 15.5% (13/84) and irgA 10.7% (9/84), respectively. Three virulence genes were present among A. butzleri isolates of human diarrheal stool and food samples, with a significant difference observed among isolates; hecB [36% (9/25) and 8.6% (3/35)], hecA [36% (9/25) and 5.7% (2/35)], and irgA [24% (6/25) and 2.9% (1/35)] (p < 0.05), respectively. The hecA and hecB virulence genes functions are related to the mechanism of hemolysis, while irgA supports a bacterial nutritional requirement. MLST analysis of 26 A. butzleri isolates revealed that 16 novel STs exhibited high genetic diversity. The results of this study is useful for understanding potentially pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant A. butzleri in Thailand. The pathogenic virulence markers hecB, hecA, and irgA have the potential to be developed for rapid diagnostic detection in human diarrheal stool. No significant relationships among STs and sources of origin were observed. Little is known about A. butzleri, the mechanism of action of these virulence genes, is a topic that needs further investigation.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative, foodborne pathogenic bacterium that causes human gastroenteritis. This organism is ubiquitously present in the marine environment.