Für die Agglomerin‐Biosynthese wurden die Identität und Reaktivität der Zwischenstufen bestimmt und die Rollen der Acetyltransferase Agg4 und des Eliminierungsenzyms Agg5 aufgeklärt (siehe Schema). Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass zu Agg4 und Agg5 homologe Enzyme die Dehydratisierungsschritte in allen Spirotetronat‐Biosynthesen ausführen. Dies eröffnet Möglichkeiten für die gezielte Manipulation dieser Biosynthesewege.
Für die Agglomerin‐Biosynthese wurden die Identität und Reaktivität der Zwischenstufen bestimmt und die Rollen der Acetyltransferase Agg4 und des Eliminierungsenzyms Agg5 aufgeklärt (siehe Schema). Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass zu Agg4 und Agg5 homologe Enzyme die Dehydratisierungsschritte in allen Spirotetronat‐Biosynthesen ausführen. Dies eröffnet Möglichkeiten für die gezielte Manipulation dieser Biosynthesewege.
Background/Aim: Oxidative stress caused by the production of excessive cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and high levels of nitric oxide contribute to several human pathologies. This study aimed to examine the anti-oxidant effects of fusigen, a compound produced from Aureobasidium melanogenum. Materials and Methods: Extracts of A. melanogenum were selected as a source for the isolation of fusigen. The anti-oxidant, nitric oxide suppression, as well as the free radical scavenging activities of fusigen were tested in BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B cells) and human dermal papilla cells (DP cells) using specific fluorescence dyes and flow cytometry analysis. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Results: Fusigen did not exert cytotoxicity in the human normal BEAS-2B and DP cells at concentrations up to 100 μM. Fusigen decreased basal levels of cellular ROS, as well as the levels of ROS induced by hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ion enrichment. ROS decreasing effect was confirmed in DP cells. In addition, fusigen treatment suppressed intracellular NO levels in both BEAS-2B and DP cells. Conclusion: The optimal process of production of purified fusigen from A. melanogenum was determined. Fusigen exhibited a low cytotoxic effect and the potential to suppress ROS and NO. These results demonstrated that fusigen may be used for the treatment or prevention of human diseases.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the reactive derivatives of oxygen with or without radicals, such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical ( • OH), and superoxide radical (O 2•-). These harmful ROS could be produced everywhere in our body and in all cells, and exert cytotoxicity by attacking necessary biomolecules including DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids (1). Normally, cells manage ROS through the production of antioxidants. However, the excess ROS could cause oxidative stress in cells, leading to cell death or disease (2). Hence, providing antioxidants to cells could be another way to control ROS.Iron (II) or ferrous (Fe 2+ ) has single electron transfer competency that can cause many radical reactions (3). Furthermore, the excessive free iron mediates the production of highly reactive radicals, namely hydroxyl radicals, through the Fenton reaction (4, 5). The direct DNA damage caused by the interaction between hydroxyl radicals and DNA is well known to cause cell and tissue damage (6) leading to several human diseases. Therefore, iron chelators might be one of the solutions or key substances to control cellular hydroxyl radicals. Nitric oxide (NO) is a cellular mediator that has been involved in physiology and pathology. As NO is produced by the immune cells in order to destroy invading microorganisms, it may also be toxic to the neighboring cells and tissues (7).
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