Clinical Scenario: Physical inactivity among adults is prevalent. Physical literacy is a potential modifiable factor that, if targeted effectively, may increase physical activity and decrease the risk of health conditions that are associated with physical inactivity. Clinical Question: Are there effective intervention strategies available to improve physical literacy in adults? Summary of Key Findings: Two nonrandomized experimental studies were included. Both studies assessed changes in physical literacy before and after a physical literacy intervention using two different sets of physical literacy outcome measures. Clinical Bottom Line: There is currently Level 2, limited quality, patient-oriented evidence that indicates that physical literacy can be improved in an adult population. The creation of a valid and reliable physical literacy outcome measure for adults is a necessary next step to enhance knowledge about physical literacy among adults. Future research should use a randomized control trial design to test the efficacy of physical literacy interventions with valid and reliable outcome measures. Strength of Recommendation: There is Level 2, limited quality, patient-oriented evidence for physical literacy interventions among adults. Due to the limited number of, and lack of consistency between studies, the authors did not make a formal grade recommendation.
Context: Youth sport specialization may be associated with physical literacy and physical activity in young adulthood. The purposes of this study were to compare young adult (18–25 y) physical literacy and physical activity by high school sport specialization status and to examine the relationship between current physical activity and physical literacy. Design: Retrospective, cross-sectional study design. Methods: Participants were recruited from ResearchMatch, university classes, and social media posts. Participants (N = 172; aged 22.1 [2.1] y; 80.1% female) completed the following anonymous surveys on REDCap to assess: demographics and injury history, sport specialization, physical literacy (PLAYself), and physical activity (Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire). Results: When controlling for age, there were no statistically significant differences in physical literacy (F2,166 = 2.02, P = .14) or moderate to vigorous physical activity (F2,161 = 0.24, P = .79) between sport specialization groups. There was a moderate, positive relationship between physical literacy and physical activity (r = .33, P < .001). Conclusions: Young adult physical literacy and physical activity were similar regardless of youth sport specialization level. Young adult physical literacy was positively associated with physical activity. Future studies should consider physical literacy as a possible correlate of physical activity among young adults.
Objectives The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate a tool to measure the complexity and intensity of psychotropic medication interventions, behavioral interventions, and issues related to crisis management for challenging behavior using a standardized rating form. Method The Treatment Intensity Rating Form (TIRF) is a 10-item scale with three categories: pharmacological interventions, behavior supports, and protective equipment. In a retrospective review we examined the final treatment recommendations for 74 individuals with self-injurious behavior (SIB) based on psychiatric and behavioral notes and reports. We also compared whether TIRF scores differed across individuals for whom SIB was maintained by social reinforcement (e.g., to access attention or toys/activities, or escape from tasks) versus those for whom SIB was maintained by automatic reinforcement (e.g., occurs independent of social variables, and is presumed to be maintained by sensory reinforcement). Results The TIRF was demonstrated to have strong inter-rater reliability (98%) and appears to have good face validity. As hypothesized, individuals with SIB maintained by automatic reinforcement had significantly more medication trials (p=0.0005) and required more protective equipment than individuals with SIB maintained by social reinforcement (p=0.0002). Antidepressant medication was used more often with individuals with automatically reinforced SIB, although antipsychotics and anticonvulsants were also commonly used across both groups. Conclusion Findings provide initial support for the TIRF’s reliability, and face validity as a measure the level of complexity of medical and behavioral treatment plans - although additional research is needed to fully evaluate its psychometric properties.
Context: Physical activity levels are low across the life span. Physical literacy has been proposed as a holistic construct to explain, predict, and increase physical activity. The purpose of this systematic review was to qualitatively describe and critically evaluate the current evidence that examines the relationship between physical literacy and physical activity across the life span. Design: A systematic search of six databases was conducted with the search terms "physical activity" and "physical literacy." Eligibility Criteria: Peer-reviewed, English-language articles that included measures of physical literacy and physical activity and examined the relationship between these variables were selected for review. Study Selection: Cross-sectional, prospective, and experimental studies were included. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome variables were physical literacy and physical activity. Results: A total of 17 studies were included in this review. Most studies were cross-sectional and focused on youth populations. Studies in this review used several different measurement tools to assess physical literacy and varied in the domains included within physical literacy. Conclusions: There is a need for valid and reliable measurement tools to assess physical literacy as a holistic construct, as well as studies with prospective designs, to understand the strength of the relationship between physical literacy and physical activity across the life span.
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