Kinetics and thermodynamics of-pinene oxide isomerization was investigated both theoretically and experimentally in different solvents in the temperature range of 50-140 °C using different zeolites, iron modified zeolites, Fe-H-MCM-41 and micro-mesoporous ZSM-5 derived catalysts. The aim was to elucidate the effect of solvent basicity and polarity on the product distribution in this reaction giving as the main value-added products campholenic aldehyde and trans-carveol, which are used as fragrances and perfumes. A generic kinetic first order model was developed composed of both parallel and consecutive routes. A thermodynamic analysis showed that product selectivity is determined by kinetic control and not by thermodynamics. Formation of campholenic aldehyde was favored in non-polar solvents, whereas basic solvents promoted formation of trans-carveol independent on temperature.
Kinetics of the cross aldol condensation of valeraldehyde with cyclopentanone was investigated in a batch reactor under atmospheric pressure at 130 °C using heterogeneous metal modified oxides, such as CeO 2 -MgO, FeO-MgO, FeO-CaO as well as pristine CaO as catalysts. The catalysts were prepared either by evaporation impregnation or deposition precipitation methods and characterized by XRD, TEM, SEM, nitrogen adsorption, ammonia and CO 2 TPD. The results revealed that an optimum amount of strong basic sites gives the highest ratio between cross condensation and self-condensation products of valeraldehyde. The highest yield of the desired product 2-pentylidenecyclopentanone (66%) was obtained with FeO-MgO prepared by the deposition precipitation methods. Graphical AbstractCross-condensation of valeraldehyde with cyclopentanone was investigated over heterogeneous Fe-CaO, CeO-MgO, FeO-CaO and CaO catalysts at 130 °C using cyclopentanone as a solvent and reactant. The highest yield of the desired product, 2-pentylidene-cyclopentanone, finding applications as fragrances, flavours and pharmaceuticals, was 66% obtained over FeO-MgO catalyst exhibiting both acid and basic sites.
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