The present study was conducted in the lobbies of 16 Taiwanese urban hospitals to establish what contributes to the degree of noisiness experienced by patients and those accompanying them. Noise level measurements were then conducted by 15 min equivalent sound pressure levels (LAeq, 15 m, dB) during daytime hours. The average LAeq itself was found to be poorly related to perceived noisiness. Levels variations were better correlated, more continual noise may actually be perceived as noisier. According to the findings of a multiple linear stepwise regression model (r = 0.91, R 2 = 0.83), the 3 independent variables shown to have the largest effects on perceived noisiness were 1) 1/(L5 −L95), 2) effective duration of the normalized autocorrelation function (τe, h), of all LAeq, 15 m over 9-17, and 3) percentile loudness, N5, 15 m. These results resemble previous studies that had assumed that a larger fluctuation of noise level corresponds to less annoyance experienced for mixed traffic noise studied in a laboratory situation. As an advanced approach, for hospital noise that consisted of 12 audible noise events, subjective noisiness were evaluated by the noise time structure analyzed by autocorrelation with loudness and levels variation.
The articulation of some special pronunciations of vowel inconsistently raises with the rapid speech transmission index (RASTI) tested using monosyllables for Chinese phonics. In the researching of speech intelligibility in room, the factors being considered have to include not only the qualities of sound field but the pronunciation characteristics of syllables as well. Therefore, with regard to the defect of RASTI measurements, we utilized the autocorrelation and the cepstrum of monosyllables recorded in rooms to compare the articulation with the physical phenomena of intelligibilities. Thus, we found that the minimum effective duration of autocorrelation function (τ) of all testing syllables signals recorded in rooms, associated well with the articulation for each individual room. Specially, for individual syllable signals, they are further shown significant correlation between the cepstral energy of monosyllables and the articulation collected in all rooms. The cepstrum acts as a spatially intelligible detector for syllables, and the autocorrelation is a good response of the pronunciation characteristics of syllables.
The present study examiles whether or not the subjectively preferred tempo respo 皿ding to periodic noise − bursts refiectS the temporal infommation in conti 皿uous brain waves ( CBW ) . The experimental condition was designed to examine : ( 1 ) 重 he hemispheric specialiZation on as temporal aspect , ( 2 )
The aim of this study was to verify what statistical attributes are effective descriptors of time-varying noise levels due to road traffic and complex medical routine activities in hospital lobbies. In a psychoacoustic experiment, respondents provided perceived noisiness ratings affected by 12 noise events in hospital lobbies according to the processes recommended by ISO 15666. According to the correlations between subjective and objective survey results, the average LAeq ,15 m induced during the daytime itself was confirmed to be poorly related to subjective noisiness. The three independent variables shown to have the largest effects on perceived noisiness were (1) L min − L max, (2) the effective duration of the normalized autocorrelation function ( τe, h) of all LAeq,15 m from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., and (3) the gradient of the cumulative distribution function (0.3–0.7 cumulative rate range). These statistical attributes have been confirmed as useful tools for detecting perceptions of complicated noise sources, but the associated correlations cannot be recovered from the relevant previous studies. Finally, construction noise was confirmed by factor analysis to be the accidental noise source with the highest factor loading (0.779) but a lower variance (<11.5%) than that of the primary factor (38.6%), and it was an average of 8 dB louder than the background noise at any given time. Accordingly, it is a primary confounding variable of the correlation matrixes of the results for independent hospitals verified by normality test.
The living environment is composed of elements involving spatial and temporal factors.The spatial standards were frequently employed to design as knowledge, but the temporal standard was not clear, and there was few theory formally adopted pertinently. Nevertheless, the temporal factors are obviously concerned with activity in the left cerebral hemisphere, in accordance with physical environment changes. Here, it was objectively led this phenomenon further. For sound fields, four independent physical factors were prevailing for designing a sound field: (1) the initial time delay gap between the direct sound and the first reflection, tot1; (2) the subsequence reverberation time, Tsub; (3) the level of listening, LL; and (4) the magnitude of interaural cross-correlation (lACC). In particular, the first two factors have been composed of a standard of time. The subjective preference theory was effectively applied for the planning of a few music halls. As far as the temporal factors are concerned, the preference of sound fields can be calculated by autocorrelation function of sound source signal together with such temporal factors. But it is weakness for subjective evaluation in general living environments entirely obtained by questionnaire using "language". Therefore, a method for measuring a human being's brain responses to external sound stimuli was arranged. The aim of present study was to identify the relationship between the subjective preference and the brain responses corresponding to the temporal variation. The method applied here is to analyze the autocorrelation function of continuous brain waves (CBW) in the awave range and extend this relationship for a visual environment that trying to approach for all conditions. , Up to present, CBW were reported by the wave type or the frequency variation, it is inadequacy to observe following a variation of temporal occasion. The "effective duration" ("t e ) was defined by the effective gap of the initial deduction (0.1 envelope) of the autocorrelation function (ACF) in the a-wave range; it involves a 2.5 s linear integral sum to correspond well to the stimulation by considering "psychological present".Chapter I states an important theory of subjective judgement, a theory that gives us a concept of the relationship between subjective preference and the autocorrelation function of brain waves.Chapter II optimizes a stimulation system (paired-comparison system) and the analyses ofACF of brain waves in the a-wave range by changing the btl of a music sound field (Motif B: Arnold's Sinfornietta, Opus 48) to 35 ms and 245 ms. Results show that the effective duration ofACF ("t e ) of CBW in the a-wave range correlates well to the subjective preference in a 2.5 s segment corresponding to the "psychological present". Furthermore, the values of "t e in the a-wave range correspond efficiently to the subjective preference and prolongs when the preference score increases. The EEG channel T3 is a forcible recording for detecting the temporal variation in brain by comparing with T4...
The purpose of this study is to compare the disturbed degree of speech by an immovable noise source and an apparent moving one (AMN). In the study of the sound localization, we found that source-directional sensitivity (SDS) well associates with the magnitude of interaural cross correlation (IACC). Ando et al. [Y. Ando, S. H. Kang, and H. Nagamatsu, J. Acoust. Soc. Jpn. (E) 8, 183–190 (1987)] reported that potential correlation between left and right inferior colliculus at auditory path in the brain is in harmony with the correlation function of amplitude input into two ear-canal entrances. We assume that the degree of disturbance under the apparent moving noisy source is probably different from that being installed in front of us within a constant distance in a free field (no reflection). Then, we found there is a different influence on speech intelligibility between a moving and a fixed source generated by 1/3-octave narrow-band noise with the center frequency 2 kHz. However, the reasons for the moving speed and the masking effects on speech intelligibility were uncertain.
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