Many arable land areas have been converted to residential or business uses by Taiwan government authorities, because the low farmland value is associated with the low value of agricultural products. However, agriculture is multifunctional. This study investigates farmland value through Total Economic Value (TEV) for Tianwei Township, which is Taiwan's largest floral farmland region. Direct use value measures the floral products' output value and recreational benefit. Recreational benefit from visitors' flower sightseeing was measured by the travel cost method (TCM). Option value and non-use value, including bequest value and existence value, measure the residents' willingness to pay through the double-bounded dichotomous contingent valuation method (CVM). The results show that the total floral products' output is NT$1.441 billion in 2007, recreational benefit is roughly NT$17.757 billion. The intangible value of option value and non-use values are approximately between NT$5 million to 15 million. Therefore, ignoring various values of farmland might lead to an underestimation of farmland value.

The housekeeping department must satisfy the customers' requirements and provide the customers services at any time in 24 hours; therefore, it needs a large number of employees. The salary expenditure is really huge, along with the consumption of room material and supplies, and cleaning products. These are considered as a hotel's important expenditure based on cost calculation, thus, this department can affect the hotel's income and expenses directly. When the housekeeping quality is fixed, the faster is the housekeeping efficiency, the lower is the required personnel cost; hence, the housekeeping efficiency is one of the important indexes that influence the hotel's business performance. However, until now, there are no relevant studies that discuss the housekeeping efficiency measurement issue completely. For this reason, this study proposes a housekeeping efficiency index for hotel owners to evaluate their housekeeping efficiency objectively. Besides, we deduce the statistical properties of housekeeping efficiency index, and construct the evaluation mode of housekeeping efficiency; finally, a hotel in Central Taiwan is used as an example to explore its housekeeping efficiency.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread all over the world and has impacted tourism globally, with countries taking various measures such as travel restrictions, border closures, lockdowns, or quarantines to contain the virus. Tourists’ motivation has also been affected by COVID-19, but so far, the literature has not yet discussed their concern over COVID-19 as well as the relationships among their motivation, involvement, and behavior intention. Therefore, this study fills the gap in the literature by taking cycling tourism as an example to understand the involvement of tourists concerning COVID-19 and presents the depth and breadth of its effects upon tourism. Due to the challenge of face-to-face, on-site investigation, we employ an online survey for data collection, use exploratory factor analysis to extract the main factors of motivation, involvement, and behavior intention, and set up a structural equation model to examine the relationships among the three factors. The results show that COVID-19 has positively and significantly affected motivation and involvement. Motivation positively and significantly affects involvement, and involvement affects motivation and behavior intention. The main finding herein is that motivation does not affect behavior, but involvement does mediate between the motivation and behavior of cyclists during COVID-19. Therefore, people may perceive the risk of health and wellbeing through such involvement.